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含油污水是指含有脂(脂肪酸、皂类、脂肪、蜡等)及各种油类(矿物油、动植物油)的污水,特点是具有一定的气味和色度,BOD和COD较高。工业含油污水量大且面广,在石油化工、煤化工、冶金、机械制造、纺织印染、皮革等工业生产中均会有大量含油污水产生。其中,油污常以悬浮态、乳化态、溶解态多种形式存在,且多伴有表面活性剂、聚合物、细菌、油泥、焦粉等溶解或悬浮的杂质,造成含油污水的处理困难[1-3]。世界上每年至少有近千万吨油类物质通过各种途径进入水体[4],在造成资源浪费的同时,还会对海洋和河流水体环境、土壤环境造成极大危害。因此,含油污水的处理受到广泛关注。
含油污水的处理方法按原理主要分为物理法、物理化学法、化学法、电化学法、微生物法等[5-7]。浮油和分散油(>10 μm)较容易处理,可通过重力沉降、平行板或波纹板强化沉降、旋流分离、常规填料聚结分离等方法完全去除;对于溶解油,可通过吸附、生物处理等方法去除,因其在多数污水中含量极低,对环境影响较小。乳化油(0.1~10 μm)粒径微小,且污水中往往存在表面活性物质并吸附于油滴界面膜,使乳状液趋于稳定状态,油水分离困难,因而成为含油污水处理的重点和难点。乳化油分离的重点在于破乳,目前的破乳方法主要有絮凝气浮法、生物法、离心分离、膜分离、聚结分离、电场分离、超声分离等方法[8-12],这些方法各有其适用范围和优缺点:絮凝气浮法需加破乳剂、絮凝剂,缺点是占地大、药耗高、产生浮渣二次污染;生物法的抗波动性差,对进水水质要求高,需前处理;离心分离的处理量小、效率低、设备维护成本高;膜分离法主要存在成本高、膜污染、寿命短等问题,且对预处理工艺要求苛刻,使其在复杂污水中的应用受限;电场、电化学、超声等分离装置结构复杂、造价高、能耗大,尚难以大规模应用;聚结分离中的常规粗粒化聚结材料易板结,且乳化严重时分离性能差,而聚结滤芯需设置预过滤装置,抗波动性和耐久性差,易堵塞、失效。单一技术无法满足复杂工业含油污水的处理要求,实际处理工艺需根据目标含油污水的特性选择适宜的几种技术进行组合,且随着各行业的快速发展和污水排放标准的日趋严格,对已有技术的深入研究和新型分离技术的开发显得尤为重要。本文对聚结除油技术的发展历程进行了回顾,对国内外学者在聚结除油介质方面的研究和应用进行了梳理和总结,并对该技术的发展方向进行了展望。
聚结分离技术在含油污水处理中的应用研究进展
Application and research progress of coalescence separation in oily wastewater treatment
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摘要: 工业含油污水量大且面广,因其成分复杂,处理较困难。聚结分离技术因其独特的物理破乳优势,以及成本低廉、分离高效、环境友好备受重视,并应用于工业含油污水的处理中。梳理了聚结除油技术的发展历程,剖析了该技术的基本原理,在归纳聚结材料研究进展的基础上,总结了聚结分离器在典型工业含油污水领域的应用,并对该技术的应用研究和发展方向进行了展望。Abstract: Industrial oily wastewater is massively discharged in many industrial sectors. However, its treatment is difficult due to the complex compositions. Coalescence separation has attracted much attention because of its unique advantages of physical demulsification, low cost, high separation efficiency and environmental friendliness in the treatment of industrial oily wastewater. In this study, the development history and theory of coalescence separation are introduced. Based on the review of advances in coalescence materials, the applications of coalescing separators in typical industrial oily wastewater fields are summarized. The prospects of the application and development of this technology are also discussed.
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