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目前,我国每年生活垃圾无害化处理已超过24×108 t[1],卫生填埋是现阶段处理城市固体废弃物的主要手段之一[2]。膨润土衬垫(Geosynthetic Clay Liner,GCL)由2层土工织物夹裹1层膨润土构成,是我国目前新建和扩建卫生填埋场的关键防渗材料[3-5]。垃圾渗沥液在GCL中的扩散和运移过程是个复杂的多场耦合问题,受无机盐化学溶质和垃圾体上覆应力作用影响显著[6]。同时,GCL的渗透特性和结构性演化会相互影响,形成互馈机制[7]。填埋场服役过程中,GCL的渗透破坏不仅是化学和应力等多种外界复杂地质环境因素共同作用的结果,而且是渗沥液迁移过程中膨润土结构性演化的结果[8-9]。因此,开展耦合效应下GCL的扩散行为分析,对于正确评估GCL的防渗性能具有重要的理论价值。
针对GCL防渗性能的研究主要集中在实验测试方面[10-14]。结果表明,GCL中,起主要防渗作用的材料是膨润土,上覆应力和化学离子的扩散行为会直接影响GCL的防渗性能[15-17]。MALUSIS等[18]研究了Cl−和K+在GCL中的扩散行为,分析了离子浓度和上覆应力对扩散行为的影响。但是,由于观测手段的限制,实验难于直接观测溶质在GCL中的扩散过程[18]。ASHMAWY等[19]研究了Cl−、Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+在GCL中的扩散行为,分析了离子浓度和孔隙比的影响。何俊等[20]以Cl−、Ca2+、Zn2+作为垃圾渗沥液的典型污染物,研究了其在GCL中的扩散行为。目前,就渗沥液水头[21-23]、垃圾堆体上覆应力[24-26]以及化学溶质[27-30]复杂耦合条件下GCL溶质扩散行为的研究非常匮乏[31]。
数值模拟是研究多孔介质水力特性的主要手段之一[32]。其中,COMSOL Multiphysics在分析多物理场耦合以及在溶质扩散和流体渗流等复杂问题方面具有明显的优势[33]。采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件,构建膨润土扩散柱的数值模型,以研究不同溶质浓度和不同离子种类的扩散速率和扩散规律,分析水头压力及上覆应力等因素对GCL中溶质扩散行为的影响,并提出渗透系数与扩散系数之间的计算公式,以期为GCL在填埋场中的工程应用和防污安全预警提供参考。
膨润土衬垫溶质扩散及渗透行为COMSOL模拟
COMSOL simulation of solute diffusion and infiltration behavior of geosynthetics clay liner
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摘要: 针对填埋场膨润土衬垫(GCL)易于被化学溶质击穿的问题,研究了化学溶质在GCL中的扩散行为和破坏机理,以指导工程实际。通过COMSOL Multiphysics构建膨润土扩散柱数值模型,研究了离子种类、离子浓度、水头压力以及上覆应力等因素对化学溶质在GCL中扩散行为的影响,并研究了渗透系数与扩散系数之间的转换关系。结果表明,阴离子比阳离子的扩散衰减速率小,扩散速率随溶质扩散时间的增长而减小,化学溶质的扩散会显著增加溶质浓度梯度的变化。对于扩散系数较大的溶质,孔隙率和扩散系数能较好地表征其扩散行为。上覆压力会明显增大化学溶质在GCL中的扩散。低、中浓度初始扩散源的扩散范围较浅,而高浓度初始扩散源的扩散范围较大。因此,在垃圾填埋场工程中,应根据渗沥液浓度、离子种类以及上覆垃圾荷载等对GCL的防污性能进行安全评估,尤其应对高浓度和高应力作用下较深范围内污染物的迁移情况进行监测。本研究结果可为GCL在填埋场中的工程应用和防污安全预警提供参考。
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关键词:
- 膨润土衬垫 /
- 扩散行为 /
- 渗透系数 /
- COMSOL多物理场模拟
Abstract: Regarding to the chemical break-down of the geosynthetics clay liner (GCL) in landfill, the diffusion behavior and the failure mechanism was numerically studied to guide engineering practice. A serious of COMSOL Multiphysics numerical model was developed based on the diffusion column tests. The effects of chemical ionic species and concentrations, the water gradient and the overlying pressure on the diffusion behavior of the GCL were investigated. A relationship between the hydraulic conductivity and diffusion coefficient was exploded. The results demonstrated that the decays rate of anion diffusion was lower than that of cations. The diffusion rate was gradually decreased with the time. The chemical diffusion accelerated the change of the solution gradient. The porosity and diffusion coefficient can screen well the diffusion behavior of the GCL with larger diffusion coefficients. Under a certain water gradient, the overlying pressure increased the chemical diffusion through the GCL at the initial stage, and moved to a deeper position. The low and medium concentrations influenced the area nearby the initial diffusion source. However, the initial diffusion source with high concentration influenced a larger area. Therefore, the chemical diffusion and hydraulic performance of GCL in a landfill project should be evaluated carefully according to the concentration of leachate, the type of chemical ions, and the overlying pressure. The migration of pollutants should be monitored, especially relating to the high chemical concentration and high-pressure condition. The research results provided a theoretical reference for the application of GCL in landfills, as well as the risk assessment and early warning systems.-
Key words:
- GCL /
- diffusion behavior /
- the hydraulic conductivity /
- COMSOL multiphysics simulation
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表 1 模型基本参数[38]
Table 1. The parameters used in the COMSOL model
扩散源 浓度/(mol∙m−3) 孔隙率/n 饱和度/% 扩散时间/h CaCl2 150 0.86 100 144 ZnSO4 100 0.82 97.80 141 -
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