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近些年,随着我国工业固废产生量的逐渐上升,工业固废减量化、无害化和资源化问题受到越来越多的关注[1-2]。其中,水泥窑协同处置工业固废和危废的方式和比例逐年上升,利用工业固废与传统硅酸盐水泥原料化学成分相近的特点替代天然矿物生产水泥,有助于解决大宗工业固废的消纳与资源化的问题[3]。例如,新疆天业水泥厂以煤化工电石渣作为钙质原料,粉煤灰和炉渣作为硅质原料,煤矸石作为铝制原料,硫酸渣、铜渣和铁质尾矿作为铁质原料,柠檬酸渣作为水泥缓凝原料,粉煤灰、煤矸石等作为拌合材原料,制备出符合国家标准的硅酸盐水泥[3-4]。在水泥生产的过程中,煤化工电石渣的氯元素质量分数较高[5],远高于传统硅酸盐水泥原料,不仅影响水泥熟料的性能[6],还会对水泥窑况产生着一定影响[7-8]。
有不少学者对氯元素在水泥窑中的行为规律进行了研究。崔育东等[9]开展了外掺CaCl2的水泥烧制实验,结果表明,生料中适量的氯离子可在水泥烧成反应中充当矿化剂的作用,生成低熔点含氯矿物相(C11A7·CaCl2)。施慧生等[10]认为,在含有CaCl2的CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3-MgO体系中,还可能发生CaO+SiO2+CaCl2+C12A7+MgO→Alinite的反应,生成化学组成为Ca10Mg1-x/2Vx/2[(SiO4)3+x(AlO4)1-x]O2Cl(V:晶格空位,0.35<x<0.45)的Alinite相。WANG[11]等的研究发现,随着生料中氯质量分数的上升,水泥窑中生成的低熔点含氯组分会随烟气循环富集,致使分解炉和回转窑窑尾处形成结皮堵塞。ZHU等[12]从整体工艺层面分析传统水泥生产过程中氯元素的流动途径和质量分配,对水泥品质的保证和窑设备的维护具有一定指导作用。就天然原料制备硅酸盐水泥工艺而言,已知氯质量分数低于0.03%时对熟料的形成有积极影响,但对氯质量分数为0.04%或更高的高氯原料的研究意义不大[13]。KWON等[14]在研究以污泥为水泥原料时指出,即使生料中的氯化物质量分数最高为0.04%,但窑炉中的氯化物质量分数仍可达1.5%,继而开展了掺氯量为0~2%的生料掺杂NH4Cl水泥烧制实验,并得出熟料的主要矿物相C3S、C2S、C3A和C4AF的质量分数变化规律,但仅从实验角度给出这一结论,并未继续监测水泥强度性能变化。
目前,有关水泥中氯元素行为规律的研究主要集中在低氯质量分数生料的传统硅酸盐水泥工艺上,且涉及到水泥强度性能方面的实验研究较少。为了探究电石渣中高质量分数的氯元素对熟料物相组成和水泥性能的影响规律,本研究以某水泥厂全废渣生料为原料,借助热力学计算方法模拟不同掺氯量CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-Fe2O3-MgO-Cl体系的高温煅烧反应相图[15],揭示不同氯质量分数下该体系高温煅烧过程中的物相转化,并结合不同掺氯质量分数水泥烧制实验,综合分析氯元素对矿物相组成变化规律和由此引起的水泥物理性能变化,最后对完整工艺中氯元素的物质流进行计算分析。本研究结果可为全废渣水泥生产生料中氯质量分数的控制提供参考。
氯元素对全废渣水泥性能的影响
Influence of chlorine on property of cement produced solely from industrial slag and material flow analysis
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摘要: 针对以煤化工电石渣为主要原料的全废渣水泥生料中氯质量分数较高的问题,通过开展掺氯质量分数为0.1%~0.5%的CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3-MgO-Cl体系热力学相图计算和水泥烧制实验,结合XRD表征、水泥强度测定和物质流分析等方法,探索了生料中质量分数高的氯元素对熟料物相和水泥性能的影响规律。结果表明,氯元素可促进f-CaO结合C2S生成C3S,并使得熟料中C2S、C3A和C4AF质量分数降低。氯质量分数由0.1%上升至0.5%时,C3S质量分数增加了16.58%,其中包含着少量Alinite相,C2S质量分数在氯质量分数为0.4%时达最低值19.36%。当氯质量分数超过0.4%后,其促进C2S向C3S转化作用变弱,而Alinite相增长速率变大,在氯质量分数较高的体系中CaO、SiO2和Al2O3倾向于与MgO和含氯物质结合生成Alinite相和Ca12Al14O32Cl2相。氯元素对熟料物相的影响规律映射到水泥强度上表现为,氯质量分数由0.1%上升至0.5%时,水泥3 d强度增长了约30%,但28 d强度上升空间不大。本研究结果可为附有旁路除氯系统的高氯水泥生产工艺生料氯质量分数的控制提供参考。Abstract: To solve the problem of high chlorine content in the raw meal of all-waste cement with carbide slag of the coal chemical industry as the primary raw material, the thermodynamic phase diagram calculations and cement calcination experiments of the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3-MgO-Cl system with 0.1%-0.5% chlorine content were carried out. Combined with XRD characterization, cement strength measurement and material flow analysis, the influence law and material flow of high-quality chlorine content in raw meal on clinker phase and cement performance were explored. The results showed that chlorine promoted f-CaO to combine with C2S to generate C3S, and caused a decrease in the mass fractions of C2S, C3A and C4AF in the clinker. When the chlorine content increased from 0.1% to 0.5%, the C3S content increased by 16.58%, including a small amount of the Alinite phase, and the C2S content reached the lowest value of 19.36% when the chlorine content was 0.4%. When the chlorine mass fraction is more than 0.4%, the promotion of C2S to C3S conversion becomes weaker, while the growth rate of the Alinite phase becomes higher. In the system with a higher chlorine mass fraction, CaO, SiO2 and Al2O3 tend to combine with MgO and chlorine-containing substances to form the Alinite phase and Ca12Al14O32Cl2 phase. The influence of chlorine on the clinker phase was mapped to the strength of the cement as follows: when the chlorine content increased from 0.1% to 0.5%, the 3 d strength of the cement increased by approximately 30%, but the 28 d strength had little room to increase. The results of this study can provide a reference for the control of the raw material chlorine mass fraction in the production process of high chlorine cement with a bypass dechlorination system.
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Key words:
- industrial solid waste /
- cement properties /
- chlorine /
- cement strength /
- thermodynamic simulation /
- mass flow analysis
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表 1 外掺CaCl2水泥烧制实验设计表
Table 1. Design of experimental table for calcination of CaCl2 containing cement
实验
编号氯(Cl−)
掺量/%氯(Cl−)
质量分数/%CaCl2
掺量/g生料
原料/g总生
料/gS-1 0 0.1 0 1 350.00 1 350.00 S-2 0.1 0.2 2.11 1 347.89 1 350.00 S-3 0.2 0.3 4.22 1 345.78 1 350.00 S-4 0.3 0.4 6.33 1 343.67 1 350.00 S-5 0.4 0.5 8.44 1 341.56 1 350.00 表 2 S-1~S-5组内掺CaF2熟料物相组分精修质量分数表
Table 2. Phase content of S-1~S-5 clinker after Rietveld refinement with addition of CaF2 within group
编号 矿物相组分质量分数/% 精修参数 C3S C2S C3A C2AF Ca12Al14O32Cl2 f-CaO Amorphous R/% E/% S-1 48.44 34.67 4.94 5.28 2.44 4.22 0.00 2.18 1.62 S-2 55.74 26.38 5.52 5.74 1.77 3.86 1.00 2.43 1.69 S-3 59.49 22.51 4.39 4.18 2.36 2.79 4.29 2.31 1.68 S-4 63.70 19.36 3.08 2.87 5.74 1.84 3.40 2.12 1.70 S-5 65.02 20.89 2.45 2.13 4.37 1.20 3.94 2.34 1.68 表 3 某24 h工作周期内各物料氯元素质量分数及物料喂入量和输出量数据
Table 3. Chlorine content of each material as well as material feeding and output data in 24 h
含氯物料 氯质量分数/% 物料消耗量/(t·d–1) 生料 0.112 7 094.000 燃煤 0.022 522.000 熟料 0.025 5 912.000 旁路除氯氯灰 21.900 11.280 窑灰 0.196 628.760 煤灰 0.084 88.840 -
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