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近年来,土壤地下水重金属污染问题受到了广泛关注。由于重金属污染物通过土壤运移扩散至地下水参与循环,对人类健康造成威胁,故需阻滞污染物在土壤中的运移,以修复土壤从而缓解地下水污染防治的压力[1-4]。纳米零价铁 (nZVI) 是一种粒径小于100 nm的零价铁,其具有比表面积大、反应活性高、无二次污染残留等优点而广泛应用于固化重金属污染物从而修复土壤[5-8]。然而,在nZVI-土水污染混合体系中,土壤广泛存在的矿物胶体可能影响重金属、nZVI的迁移,从而影响其固化修复的效果。杜晓丽[9]通过下渗柱实验研究胶体对重金属运移的影响,结果表明径流胶体能够促进重金属离子的下渗迁移。王凯丽等[10]使用饱和沙壤土柱研究了SiO2胶体对Cd迁移的影响,发现SiO2胶体促进土壤对Cd的吸附,抑制了Cd在土柱中的迁移。同时,多种重金属往往共存于土壤,其在迁移过程中存在竞争吸附作用[11],进一步增加固化修复过程的不确定性。目前,矿物胶体、竞争吸附对nZVI修复土壤重金属的影响尚未报道。因此,有必要在通过实验验证重金属对土壤的污染行为及nZVI对其修复过程的同时,进一步研究矿物胶体对nZVI修复土壤重金属单一或复合污染的影响及作用机制。
判断重金属对土壤的污染程度及修复剂的效果,或深入探究胶体等影响因素作用修复行为的机制,一般将定量的吸附剂与土壤经过长时间的充分接触使其达到平衡 (静态吸附试验) ,或使吸附剂呈持续流动状态穿透土壤 (动态土柱实验) 。程景[12]开展静态吸附批实验探究不同溶解态腐殖质对Cr(Ⅵ)在土壤上吸附解吸行为的作用,并揭示其作用机理。付雪[13]同样采用静态吸附实验研究时间和矿物胶体种类对nZVI修复固定土壤Pb、U重金属效果的影响。但在实际情况下,重金属对土壤的污染及其修复是动态的过程,需要研究测试重金属、修复剂及影响组分在土壤中的运移、扩散速度,静态吸附实验不易准确模拟,所以需要进行动态土柱实验。李志亮[14]通过土柱实验探究新型桥连氯磷灰石对复合污染酸性土壤中重金属Pb2+、Zn2+、Cu2+、Cd2+的固定机制。李平[15]通过柱实验研究nZVI体系对山地、河滩、农田及煤矿地区土壤中Cr (Ⅵ) 的去除和滤出特性的影响。土柱实验由于可近似刻画物质在土壤中运移的动态过程,由实验绘制的穿透曲线能较为客观反映实验过程及结果,所以得到广泛应用[16-20],基于上述优点,采用动态土柱实验进行本研究。
随着深圳经济的发展,化工、电气及核工业排放的铅 (Pb) 和铀 (U) 重金属对土壤、地下水环境及人类健康造成一定影响,因此选择Pb、U作为待修复污染物[21-22]。刘军[23]通过相关研究表明高岭土胶体对铀存在表面吸附作用,吸附容量为2.51 mg·g−1。孙慧敏[24]研究指出高岭土胶体在水中对铅的吸附容量为 6.06 mg·g−1。由于高岭土胶体在土壤中相对含量较高,成本低廉,且对铀和铅均有一定的吸附效果,所以选择高岭土胶体作为nZVI固化Pb、U重金属的影响因素[25]。
本研究以自然界中广泛存在,具有环境友好性的硅藻土作为运移介质,拟研究高岭土矿物胶体对nZVI修复Pb、U重金属单一或复合污染土壤的影响机制[26]。研究成果可为综合整治土壤地下水重金属污染提供理论依据和数据支持。
高岭土胶体对nZVI修复Pb、U污染硅藻土的影响及机制
Influence and mechanism of kaolin colloid on remediation of Pb, U contaminated diatomaceous earth by nZVI
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摘要: 纳米零价铁 (nZVI) 大量应用于土壤重金属污染的修复,但由于土壤广泛存在的胶体可协同污染物的迁移与扩散,影响nZVI对土壤的修复效果。针对这一问题,通过硅藻土柱实验和重金属运移速率分析,并采用微观结构表征分析 (SEM) 与物相分析 (XRD) 方法,探究高岭土胶体对nZVI修复铅 (Pb) 、铀 (U) 重金属污染土壤的影响机制。结果表明,nZVI可固化Pb和U,阻滞其运移以修复土壤;高岭土胶体的加入可削弱nZVI对重金属的阻滞效果,增强Pb和U的运移能力;但在高岭土胶体与nZVI同等质量浓度下,高岭土胶体对阻滞效果的影响有限;另外,在Pb、U复合体系中,存在竞争吸附现象,nZVI对Pb的阻滞效果优于U,U的运移更易受到高岭土胶体的影响。本研究结果可为土水重金属污染防治提供参考。Abstract: Nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI) is widely applied in soil remediation of heavy metal contamination. Nevertheless, the presence of natural colloids in soils may coordinate the migration and diffusion of the contaminates, which reduce the effectiveness of the soil remediation by nZVI. To tackle this matter, the influence mechanism of kaolin colloids on nZVI restoring the soil contaminated by heavy mental Pb, U were explored through diatomite column experiments, heavy metal transport rate analysis, SEM and XRD. The results demonstrated that nZVI was capable of restoring soil by solidifying Pb and U to retarding the migration in soil. However, the presence of kaolin colloids can weaken the retarding effect of nZVI and enhancing the migration ability of Pb and U. Nevertheless, the impact of kaolin colloids on retarding effect was limited at the same mass concentration of the kaolin colloids and nZVI. In addition, a competitive adsorption phenomenon was observed in the mixed system of Pb and U, which leads a better retarding effect of nZVI on Pb than that of U. The migration of U wwa shown to be more susceptible to the influence of kaolin colloids. The findings of this study have theoretical significance for the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in soil and water systems.
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表 1 高岭土胶体对nZVI修复硅藻土的影响实验
Table 1. The experiments on the effect on diatomaceous earth remediation with nZVI by kaolin colloids
实验
编号运移成分 各成分质量浓度/
(mg·L−1)测定成分 1 Pb 10 Pb 2 Pb+nZVI 10 Pb 3 U 10 U 4 U+nZVI 10 U 5 nZVI 10 Fe 6 高岭土胶体 10 高岭土胶体 7 Pb+nZVI+高岭土胶体 10 Pb 8 Pb+高岭土胶体 10 Pb 9 U+nZVI+高岭土胶体 10 U 10 U+高岭土胶体 10 U 11 Pb+U 10 Pb、U 12 Pb+U+nZVI 10 Pb、U 13 Pb+U+nZVI+高岭土胶体 10 Pb、U 14 Pb+U+高岭土胶体 10 Pb、U -
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