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厌氧消化因其可将有机质转化为甲烷,已成为餐厨[1]、污泥[2]等有机废弃物以及高浓度有机废水处理[3]的主流技术。与中温 (35 ℃) 条件相比,高温 (55 ℃) 反应具有速率快、甲烷产率高以及病原体灭活效果好等优势[4]。然而在厌氧消化过程中,水解产酸速率大于产甲烷速率,高温条件会进一步加剧水解产酸与产甲烷过程的不平衡,造成挥发性脂肪酸 (volatile fatty acids,VFAs) 的过量积累,从而导致体系pH下降以及微生物代谢体系失衡,限制了高温厌氧消化系统的高效稳定运行。
研究表明,乙酸和丙酸是有机废弃物发酵过程最易积累的VFAs,其在酸化体系的总VFAs中的占比分别可达70%以上[5]。相较乙酸而言,虽然丙酸占比较低,但其生物毒性导致其在厌氧消化过程中降解较为困难。AMANI等[6]的研究发现,在高温条件下使用间歇式厌氧反应器处理剩余污泥,反应初始丙酸就在体系内积累,并且在第50 d反应结束时仍有40%~60%未被降解。高温条件下,89%的甲烷都被证实来自于乙酸的互营氧化途径[7],即在乙酸氧化菌和氢营养型产甲烷菌共同作用下以H2为电子载体的产甲烷过程,也被称为种间氢转移 (interspecies hydrogen transfer,IHT) 过程。研究表明IHT一般要在氢分压低于10−5 atm的条件下才能自发进行[8],然而过低的氢气浓度则不利于产甲烷菌维持其代谢活性,因此体系氢分压需要保持在一个合适的范围内。丙酸的甲烷化需要经历乙酸化与产甲烷即“两阶段”的互营氧化过程,其在热力学上可能更易受氢分压影响。因此,如何强化乙酸、丙酸的互营产甲烷过程是实现高温高负荷下厌氧消化系统稳定运行的关键。
近年来,随着直接种间电子转移 (direct interspecies electron transfer,DIET) 现象在厌氧消化系统中共同培养G. metallireducens和G. sulfurreducens时被发现[9],许多研究表明向厌氧消化系统中投加石墨[10]、磁铁矿[8]和生物炭[11]等导电材料强化更高效的DIET过程能够实现VFAs的快速降解。其中,生物炭可由有机废弃物制得,具有成本低廉、绿色环保等优势。在LI等[12]投加生物炭到苯酚降解产甲烷批次实验的研究中,生物炭可通过自身导电性和表面的氧化还原官能团触发DIET并强化互营氧化菌之间的电子传递,从而促进苯酚降解产甲烷并加快最大产甲烷速率。在LI等[13]针对餐厨垃圾与活性污泥共消化的研究中,生物炭可在高温厌氧消化系统中富集与DIET相关的菌属Methanosaeta和Methanosarcina。虽然现阶段的研究通常将生物炭对互营产甲烷的促进作用归因于DIET的作用,但生物炭能否通过改善热力学条件而强化IHT过程仍有待深入研究。当前,通过建立微生物生长动力学模型[14],以及过程热力学分析能够解析添加导电材料时的作用机制和能量代谢[15-16]。基于此,利用两阶段的微生物生长动力学及过程热力学解析,探明生物炭对反应过程热力学条件的改善以及微生物生长的影响对于解析生物炭的强化机制具有重要意义。
本研究拟通过生物炭介导下不同负荷乙酸与丙酸的高温互营产甲烷批次实验,并结合Gompertz方程与Monond方程分析,研究生物炭对于降解产甲烷以及微生物生长动力学影响。此外,还通过亨利定律计算反应过程的自由能,明晰生物炭促进IHT过程的热力学强化作用。结合生物炭性质探讨其增促互营产甲烷的作用机制,并为生物炭在厌氧消化中进一步的实际应用提供参考。
高温条件下生物炭强化丙酸与乙酸产甲烷的动力学及热力学机制
Kinetic and thermodynamic mechanisms of methane production from propionate and acetate enhanced by biochar at high temperature
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摘要: 针对生物炭强化互营产甲烷的动力学及热力学作用机制不明晰的问题,通过乙酸、丙酸的高温降解产甲烷批次实验,结合降解产甲烷动力学、微生物生长动力学和过程热力学分析,探究了生物炭强化乙酸、丙酸互营产甲烷的增效机制。结果表明,与对照组相比,生物炭加快了乙酸、丙酸互营产甲烷过程的降解速率和产甲烷速率,乙酸与丙酸的降解速率分别提高了8.4%和3.7%,产甲烷速率分别提高了31.3%和23.1%。微生物生长分析表明,生物炭可为微生物生长提供适宜的环境,同时也能促进微生物生长,添加生物炭使得丙酸降解过程的产甲烷微生物最大比生长速率提高了113.8%。反应过程热力学分析表明,生物炭降低了乙酸与丙酸互营产甲烷过程40.6%与19.4%的氢分压,从而降低了与氢分压相关反应的自由能,推动了种间氢转移 (interspecies hydrogen transfer,IHT) 反应的进行。此外,生物炭显著提升了体系内的电子传递效率,这可能是由于其自身氧化还原官能团所引发的直接种间电子转移 (direct interspecies electron transfer,DIET) 作用导致的,这不仅可以提高反应的电子转移效率,同时也能改善热力学效能,从而推动IHT反应并进一步强化互营产甲烷。生物炭可以通过促进微生物生长、改善热力学促进IHT以及强化DIET作用,共同提升互营产甲烷过程效能。本研究结果可为生物炭在厌氧消化中进一步的实际应用提供参考。Abstract: In order to address the issue that the kinetic and thermodynamic mechanism of methane production boosted by biochar is unclear, the synergistic mechanism of biochar enhanced methane production by acetate and propionate was investigated using batch tests of methane production by high temperature degradation of acetate and propionate, combined with the analysis of thermodynamic reaction kinetics, microbial growth kinetics, and batch experiments. The results showed that compared with the control group, biochar accelerated the degradation rate and methane production rate of acetate and propionate. The degradation rates of acetate and propionate increased by 8.4% and 3.7%, respectively, while the methane production rates increased by 31.3% and 23.1%, respectively. According to microbial growth studies, biochar might offer an environment that was conducive to microbial growth and microbial growth. The addition of biochar increased the maximum specific growth rate of methanogens using propionate by 113.8%. Thermodynamic analysis of the reaction process revealed that biochar decreased the hydrogen partial pressure of the syntrophic methanogenic reaction of acetate and propionate by 40.6% and 19.4%, thereby reducing the free energy of reactions related to hydrogen partial pressure and promoting the interspecific hydrogen transfer (IHT). In addition, biochar considerably increased the system's electron transfer efficiency. It might be because of the direct interspecific electron transfer (DIET) generated by its own redox functional groups, which might not only increase the reaction’s efficiency in terms of electron transfer but also in terms of thermodynamic efficiency, hence promoting the IHT reaction and enhancing the syntrophic methanogenic process. In conclusion, biochar can promote the IHT process and DIET by increasing microbial growth and thermodynamic improvement, as well as improving the efficiency of the syntrophic methanogenesis process. The results of this study can provide a reference for the further practical application of biochar in anaerobic digestion.
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Key words:
- syntrophic methanogenesis /
- volatile fatty acids /
- thermophilic /
- kinetics /
- gibbs free energy /
- biochar
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表 1 生物炭性质
Table 1. Properties of biochar
性质参数 单位 数值 生物炭量 % 22.6±1.1 固定炭 % 68.5±2.1 挥发性炭 % 23.7±1.9 灰分 % 7.8±0.3 pH — 9.2±0.1 比表面积 m2·g−1 248.6±9.4 C % 72.1±0.2 O % 15.3±0.0 电导率 μS·cm−1 0.1±0.0 电子供给容量 μmole−1·g−1 0.35 电子接受容量 μmole−1·g−1 4.85 表 2 接种泥性质
Table 2. Properties of inoculated sludge
考察参数 单位 数值 TS g·L−1 23.95±1.28 VS g·L−1 8.07±0.02 pH — 7.50±0.01 碱度 g·L−1 4.45±0.13 乙酸 g·L−1 0.02±0.01 丙酸 g·L−1 0.01±0.01 表 3 实验涉及的反应方程及其标准自由能
Table 3. The reaction equations involved in the experiment and its standard free energy
反应名称 反应方程 标准自由能ΔGθ/(KJ·mol-1) SAO Acetate+4H2O→2HCO3-+4H2+H+ 104.6 AM Acetate+H2O→HCO3-+CH4 −31 HM HCO3-+4H2+H+→CH4+3H2O −135.6 MMC Propionate+3H2O→2HCO3-+acetate+H++3H2 71.6 表 4 反应过程微生物生长动力学参数
Table 4. Kinetic parameters of microbial growth in reaction process
反应类型或增效 μm1/d−1 μm2/d−1 Ks1/(mg·L−1) Ks2/(mg·L−1) 乙酸-BC — 3.3 — 8 740.4 乙酸-CT — 2.2 — 25 541.0 Δ乙酸 — 48.1 — -65.8 丙酸-BC 1.8 1.4 62 841.0 132 160.53 丙酸-CT 1.5 0.7 173 687.5 235 694.96 Δ丙酸 17.6 113.8 −63.8 −43.9 -
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