-
大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)是大气中的重要污染物,不仅对大气环境质量[1-2]有显著影响,而且与人体健康[3-4]以及全球气候变化[5]有着紧密的联系。PM2.5可通过呼吸系统进入肺部,引起如哮喘,咳嗽等健康问题[6],甚至引发肺癌等病症导致死亡[7-9]。大气PM2.5可通过吸收和散射太阳辐射直接影响气候,也可通过云凝结核的形式改变云的光学性质和分布而间接影响气候[10],还可影响城市大气能见度[11]。另外,大气PM2.5可在大气环境中长时间停留产生二次污染,使其可水平输送到其它地区而影响区域大气环境[12-13]。
大气PM2.5是来自天然和人为污染的复杂混合物,包括一次排放和二次形成颗粒物,其化学成分复杂,主要包括水溶性离子、有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和无机元素[14]。水溶性离子约占大气PM2.5的33%—61%[15],其中,二次离子
${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ 、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 和${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ 一般是由大气中的SO2、NOx和NH3经过二次化学反应生成,主要来自机动车尾气及燃煤排放[16]。OC和EC约占PM2.5的20%—60%[17],EC主要来源于燃料不完全燃烧,如机动车排放、烹饪、森林大火等[18];OC的形成过程和来源可分为污染源直接排放的一次有机碳和有机气体经光化学反应等途径生成的二次有机碳[19-20]。在严重雾霾污染中二次化学组分可以占到PM2.5的30%—77%[16, 21]。无机元素是大气PM2.5的另一重要成分,可分为地壳元素(如Fe、Al、Ca和Si等)和人为污染元素(如Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Ni和Cd等),其中地壳元素对PM2.5的贡献约为20%,人为污染元素通常来自各种工业排放,在PM2.5中占比约1%—2%,对人体健康存在极大危害[22-24]。PM2.5的来源复杂且污染源的相对贡献因区域和时间的变化而变化,为反映其实际变化与及时调整防治政策需要对PM2.5的来源不断更新。目前,国内外已有众多关于PM2.5源解析的研究,例如,孟加拉国的半住宅和城市地区PM2.5的来源主要是机动车排放和生物质燃烧[25];印度海得拉巴交通走廊的PM2.5主要来自车辆排放和重悬浮粉尘[26]。京津冀地区PM2.5的主要来源是燃煤、交通、扬尘以及二次气溶胶,且近年来从燃煤主导的煤烟型污染转变为燃煤[27-28]和机动车复合型污染[21, 29]。西安市地区的污染主要受燃煤、机动车排放及二次污染影响[30],且冬季燃煤供暖会加剧西安当地的空气污染,如对西安冬季严重雾霾时期的PM2.5来源研究发现粉尘相关来源(如道路尘、建筑扬尘和沙尘暴)对PM2.5的贡献达到46%[21]。
西安是中国西北的重要工业城市,位于关中平原的中心,是中国污染最严重的地区之一[31],及时对西安大气PM2.5的化学组分及其来源进行研究至关重要。因此,本研究采集西安市2017年全年大气PM2.5样品,分析其化学组分,采用正矩阵因子分析(PMF)模型解析其污染源,结合气象条件探究影响西安市大气PM2.5的化学组分及其来源的主要因素。通过研究西安市大气环境污染源变化特征,对了解大气PM2.5的健康效应及制定环境污染控制措施提供理论支撑,并对后续的大气PM2.5的研究具有重要的参考意义。
西安市大气PM2.5的化学组分及其来源
Study on chemical composition and pollution source of atmospheric PM2.5 in Xi’an City
-
摘要: 西安市是中国北方大气污染最为严重的城市之一,且大气PM2.5会对人类健康造成不利影响,为研究西安市大气PM2.5污染水平,本文采集2017年四季共121个大气PM2.5样品,分析其水溶性离子、有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)、18种元素含量并解析其来源。结果表明,2017年PM2.5年均质量浓度为(64±45) μg·m−3,冬季浓度最高,其次为秋季、春季和夏季。
${{\rm{NO}}_3^{-}} $ 、${{\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}} $ 、${{\rm{NH}}_4^{+}} $ 和Ca2+是水溶性离子的主要成分,占总离子浓度的89%,并占PM2.5年均浓度的46%,主要来自二次反应及沙尘。总元素年均浓度为(13.95±8.17 )μg·m−3,占PM2.5的22%,其中Pb、Zn、Cu、As和Ni等元素受到严重的人为污染,主要源自金属冶炼、工业排放、机动车排放及煤燃烧。OC与EC的年均质量浓度分别为(13.02±6.69 )μg·m−3和(3.35±1.17 )μg·m−3,年均OC/EC比值为(4.05±1.49),说明主要受燃料燃烧和机动车排放的影响,二次有机污染的影响不容忽视。正矩阵因子分解(PMF 5.0)模型结果表明,西安市大气PM2.5的主要污染源来自煤燃烧、机动车排放、二次硝酸盐、二次硫酸盐,同时受到扬尘、工业和金属过程等的影响。结合气象因素发现,不良的气象条件严重影响污染物的扩散、传输与积累。Abstract: Xi’an City is one of the most serious air pollution cities in north China, and the atmospheric PM2.5 has adverse impacts on human health. To explore the pollution levels of PM2.5 in Xi’an City, total 121 daily PM2.5 quartz filter samples were collected over the four seasons in 2017. Water-soluble ions, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and 18 elements were analyzed to identify the sources of PM2.5 with the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model.The results showed that the annual mean mass concentration of PM2.5 in 2017 was (64±45) μg·m−3 and the highest concentration was observed in winter, followed by autumn, spring and summer.${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ ,${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ ,${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ and Ca2+ were dominant water-soluble components, accounting for 89% of the total water-soluble ions and 46% of PM2.5 respectively. Water-soluble ions were mainly affected by secondary reactions and dust. The annual mean concentration of total elements was (13.95±8.17) μg·m−3, contributing 22% to PM2.5, which were mainly emitted from metal smelting, industrial emissions, motor vehicle emissions and coal burning.The annual mean mass concentrations of OC and EC were (13.02±6.69) μg·m−3 and (3.35±1.17) μg·m−3, respectively. The annual mean OC/EC ratio was (4.05±1.49), indicating the carbonaceous components were mainly emitted from fuel combustion, vehicle emissions and secondary organic pollution. The PMF result showed that, the atmospheric PM2.5 in Xi’an city mainly came from coal combustion, motor vehicle emissions, secondary nitrate, secondary sulfate, and it was also affected by dust sources, industrial emission and metal processing. Combining with meteorological parameters, it was found that adverse meteorological conditions significantly affected the diffusion, transmission and accumulation of PM2.5.-
Key words:
- PM2.5 /
- chemical composition /
- source apportionment /
- meteorological parameters /
- Xi’an
-
-
[1] 沈铁迪, 王体健, 陈璞珑, 等. 南京城区夏秋季能见度与PM2.5化学成分的关系 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2015, 35(3): 652-658. SHEN T D, WANG T J, CHEN P L, et al. Relationship between visibility of summer and autumn in Nanjing urban area and chemical composition of PM2.5 [J]. Chinese Environmental Science, 2015, 35(3): 652-658(in Chinese).
[2] KAUFMAN Y J, TANRE D, BOUCHER O. Satellite view of aerosols in the climate system [J]. Nature, 2002, 419(6903): 215-223. doi: 10.1038/nature01091 [3] 王晴晴, 马永亮, 谭吉华, 等. 北京市冬季PM2.5中水溶性重金属污染特征 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2014, 34(9): 2204-2210. WANG Q Q, MA Y L, TAN J H, et al. Characterization of water-soluble heavy metals of PM2.5 during winter in Beijing [J]. Chinese Environmental Science, 2014, 34(9): 2204-2210(in Chinese).
[4] TIE X X, WU D, BRASSEUR G. Lung cancer mortality and exposure to atmospheric aerosol particles in Guangzhou, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2009, 43(14): 2375-2377. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.01.036 [5] SLOANE C S, WATSON J, CHOW J, et al. Size-segregated fine particle measurements by chemical species and their impact on visibility impairment in Denver [J]. Atmospheric Environment, Part A. General Topics, 1991, 25(5/6): 1013-1024. doi: 10.1016/0960-1686(91)90143-U [6] 戴海夏, 宋伟民. 大气PM2.5的健康影响 [J]. 国外医学: 卫生学分册, 2001, 28(5): 299-303. DAI H X, SONG W M. Health effects of atmospheric PM2.5 [J]. Foreign Medicine: Health Section, 2001, 28(5): 299-303(in Chinese).
[7] ANALITIS A, KATSOYANNI K, DIMAKOPOULOU K, et al. Short–term effects of ambient particles on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality [J]. Epidemiology, 2006, 17(2): 230-233. doi: 10.1097/01.ede.0000199439.57655.6b [8] 陶燕, 刘亚梦, 米生权, 等. 大气细颗粒物的污染特征及对人体健康的影响 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2014, 34(3): 592-597. TAO Y, LIU Y M, MI S Q, et al. Atmospheric pollution characteristics of fine particulate and their impact on human health [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2014, 34(3): 592-597(in Chinese).
[9] POPE C A, DOCKERY D W. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect [J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2006, 56(6): 709-742. [10] POPE C, BUMETT R, THUN M, et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long term exposure to fine particulate air pollution [J]. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2002, 287(9): 1132-1141. doi: 10.1001/jama.287.9.1132 [11] TOON O B. How pollution suppresses rain [J]. Science, 2000, 28(710): 1763-1765. [12] 李军, 杨秀山, 彭永臻. 微生物与水处理工程[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2002: 378-379. LI J, YANG X S, PENG Y Z. Microbiology and Water Treatment Engineering[M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2002: 378-379(in Chinese).
[13] CHEN Q C, WANG M M, SUN H Y, et al. Enhanced health risks from exposure to environmentally persistent free radicals and the oxidative stress of PM2.5 from Asian dust storms in Erenhot, Zhangbei and Jinan, China [J]. Environment International, Part 1, 2018, 121: 260-268. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.012 [14] 杨复沫, 贺克斌, 马永亮, 等. 北京PM2.5化学物种的质量平衡特征 [J]. 环境化学, 2004, 23(3): 326-333. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0254-6108.2004.03.018 YANG F M, HE K B, MA Y L, et al. Beijing PM2.5 quality balance characteristics of chemical species [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2004, 23(3): 326-333(in Chinese). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0254-6108.2004.03.018
[15] FU Q Y, ZHUANG G S, WANG J, et al. Mechanism of formation of the heaviest pollution episode ever recorded in the Yangtze River Delta, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(9): 2023-2036. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.002 [16] 吴明, 吴丹, 夏俊荣, 等. 成都冬季PM2.5化学组分污染特征及来源解析 [J]. 环境科学, 2019, 40(1): 76-85. WU M, WU D, XIA J R, et al. Analysis of pollution characteristics and sources of PM2.5 chemical components in Chengdu in winter [J]. Environmental Science, 2019, 40(1): 76-85(in Chinese).
[17] TURPIN B J, SAXENA P, ANDREWS E. Measuring and simulating particulate organics in the atmosphere: Problems and prospects [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2000, 34(18): 2983-3013. doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00501-4 [18] TURPIN B J, HUNTZICKER J J. Secondary formation of organic aerosol in the Los Angeles basin: A descriptive analysis of organic and elemental carbon concentrations [J]. Atmospheric Environment, Part A. General Topics, 1991, 25(2): 207-215. doi: 10.1016/0960-1686(91)90291-E [19] 崔虎雄, 吴迓名, 段玉森, 等. 上海市浦东城区二次气溶胶生成的估算 [J]. 环境科学, 2013, 34(5): 2003-2009. CUI H X, WU Y M, DUAN Y S, et al. Secondary aerosol formation through photochemical reactions estimated by using air quality monitoring data in the downtown of Pudong, Shanghai [J]. Environmental Science, 2013, 34(5): 2003-2009(in Chinese).
[20] 吴琳, 冯银厂, 戴莉, 等. 天津市大气中PM10、PM2.5及其碳组分污染特征分析 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2009, 29(11): 1134-1139. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6923.2009.11.003 WU L, FENG Y C, DAI L, et al. Characteristics of PM10、PM2.5 and their carbonaceous species in Tianjin City [J]. China Environmental Science, 2009, 29(11): 1134-1139(in Chinese). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6923.2009.11.003
[21] HUANG R J, ZHANG Y, BOZZETTI C, et al. High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China [J]. Nature, 2014, 514: 218-222. doi: 10.1038/nature13774 [22] GAO J J, TIAN H Z, CHENGK, et al. The variation of chemical characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10 and formation causes during two haze pollution events in urban Beijing, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2015, 107: 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.02.022 [23] LONATI G, GIUGLIANO M, BUTELLI P, et al. Major chemical components of PM2.5 in Milan (Italy) [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2005, 39(10): 1925-1934. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.12.012 [24] VECCHI R, MARCAZZAN G, VALLI G, et al. The role of atmospheric dispersion in the seasonal variation of PM1 and PM2.5 concentration and composition in the urban area of Milan (Italy) [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38(27): 4437-4446. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.05.029 [25] BEGUM B A, KIM E, BISWAS S K, et al. Investigation of sources of atmospheric aerosol at urban and semi–urban areas in Bangladesh [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38(19): 3025-3038. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.042 [26] GUMMENENI S, YUSUP Y B, CHAVALI M, et al. Source apportionment of particulate matter in the ambient air of Hyderabad City, India [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2011, 101(3): 752-764. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.05.002 [27] WANG H L, ZHUANG Y H, WANG Y, et al. Long-term monitoring and source apportionment of PM2.5 /PM10 in Beijing, China [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2008, 20(11): 1323-1327. doi: 10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62228-7 [28] ZHENG M, SALMON L G, SCHAUER J J, et al. Seasonal trends in PM2.5 source contributions in Beijing, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2005, 39(22): 3967-3976. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.03.036 [29] 杨妍妍, 李金香, 梁云平, 等. 应用受体模型(CMB)对北京市大气PM2.5来源的解析研究 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2015, 35(9): 2693-2700. YANG Y Y, LI J X, LIANG Y P, et al. Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing by the chemical mass balance [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2015, 35(9): 2693-2700(in Chinese).
[30] DAI Q L, BI X H, LIU B S, et al. Chemical nature of PM2.5 and PM10 in Xi’an, China: Insights into primary emissions and secondary particle formation [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 240: 155-166. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.111 [31] 孙浩堯, 陈庆彩, 牟臻, 等. 西安地区PM2.5中环境持久性自由基(EPFRs)性质及来源研究 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2019, 39(1): 197-203. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.015 SUN H Y, CHEN Q C, MU Z, et al. Study on the properties and sources of environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in PM2.5 in Xi’an [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2019, 39(1): 197-203(in Chinese). doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.015
[32] 张程, 于兴娜, 安俊琳, 等. 南京北郊不同大气污染程度下气溶胶化学组分特征 [J]. 环境科学, 2017, 38(12): 4932-4942. ZHANG C, YU X N, AN J L, et al. Aerosol chemical characteristics for different air pollution levels in North Suburban Nanjing [J]. Environmental Science, 2017, 38(12): 4932-4942(in Chinese).
[33] CHEN Q C, SUN H Y, WANG M M, et al. Dominant frac tion of EPFRs from nonsolvent-extractable organic matter in fine particulates over Xi’an, China [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018, 52(17): 9646-9655. [34] HSIEH Y K, CHEN L K, HSIEH H F, et al. Elemental analysis of air borne particulate matter using an electrical low-pressure impactor and laser ablation/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [J]. Jounal of Analitical Atomic Spectrometry, 2011, 26(7): 1502-1508. doi: 10.1039/c0ja00207k [35] WANG Y Q, LI S P, WANG M M, et al. Source apportionment of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in PM2.5 over Xi’an, China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 689: 193-202. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.424 [36] WANG Y Q, ZHANG Y, SCHAUERB J J, et al. Relative impact of emissions controls and meteorology on air pollution mitigation associated with the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) conference in Beijing, China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 571(15): 1467-1476. [37] TURPIN B J, LIM H J. Species contributions to PM2.5 mass concentrations: Revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass [J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2001, 35(1): 602-610. doi: 10.1080/02786820119445 [38] 刘立忠, 薛梁磊, 韩婧, 等. 西安市全年中PM2.5水溶性无机离子变化特征 [J]. 环境工程学报, 2017, 11(4): 2402-2405. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201601094 LIU L Z, XUE L L, HAN J, et al. Annual variation of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 in Xi’an [J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2017, 11(4): 2402-2405(in Chinese). doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201601094
[39] 张敬巧, 王涵, 胡君, 等. 本溪市PM2.5中水溶性离子季节性变化特征及来源分析 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2019, 32(2): 246-252. ZHANG J Q, WANG H, HU J, et al. Seasonal variation and source analysis of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 in Benxi City [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2019, 32(2): 246-252(in Chinese).
[40] 闫才青, 郑玫, 张远航. 大气棕色碳的研究进展与方向 [J]. 环境科学, 2014, 35(11): 4404-4414. YAN C Q, ZHENG M, ZHANG Y H. Research progress and direction of atmospheric brown carbon [J]. Environmental Science, 2014, 35(11): 4404-4414(in Chinese).
[41] 郭振东, 朱彬, 王红磊, 等. 长江三角洲霾天气PM2.5中水溶性离子特征及来源解析 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2019, 39(3): 928-938. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2019.03.004 GUO Z D, ZHU B, WANG H L, et al. Characteristics and source analysis of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 in the haze weather over in Yangtze River Delta [J]. China Environmental Science, 2019, 39(3): 928-938(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2019.03.004
[42] 王念飞, 陈阳, 郝庆菊, 等. 苏州市PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节变化及来源分析 [J]. 环境科学, 2016, 37(12): 4482-4489. WANG N F, CHEN Y, HAO Q J, et al. Seasonal variation and source analysis of the water-soluble inorganic ions in fine particulate matter in Suzhou [J]. Environmental Science, 2016, 37(12): 4482-4489(in Chinese).
[43] 廖楠. 沈阳市冬季典型污染过程水溶性离子变化特征分析 [J]. 绿色科技, 2017, 8(10): 45-48. LAO N. Analysis on the characteristics of Water-Soluble Ion changes in typical pollution process in Shenyang City in winter [J]. Green Technology, 2017, 8(10): 45-48(in Chinese).
[44] 李伟芳, 白志鹏, 史建武, 等. 天津市环境空气中细粒子的污染特征与来源 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2010, 23(4): 394-400. LI W F, BAI Z P, SHI J W, et al. Pollution characteristics and sources of fine particulate matter in ambient air in Tianjin City [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2010, 23(4): 394-400(in Chinese).
[45] 张丹, 张卫东, 蒋昌潭, 等. 重庆市春季大气中PM10元素污染特征 [J]. 环境科学技术, 2007, 30(5): 38-40. ZHANG D, ZHANG W D, JIANG C T, et al. Element pollution feature of PM10 in spring of Chongqing [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2007, 30(5): 38-40(in Chinese).
[46] 朱坦, 冯银厂. 大气颗粒物来源解析: 原理、技术及应用[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2012. ZHU T, FENG Y C. Analysis of sources of atmospheric particles: principles、techniques and applications[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2012(in Chinese).
[47] 郑永杰, 吕键. PM2.5中无机元素的污染特征和来源分析 [J]. 科学技术与工程, 2015, 15(30): 58-62. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2015.30.011 ZHENG Y J, LV J. Pollution characteristics and source analysis of inorganic elements in PM2.5 [J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2015, 15(30): 58-62(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2015.30.011
[48] 杨麒, 傅致严, 刘湛, 等. 郴州市大气PM2.5中无机元素污染特征及来源分析 [J]. 湖南大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 15(30): 58-62. YANG Q, FU Z Y, LIU Z, et al. Characteristics and sources of inorganic elements in atmospheric PM2.5 at Chenzhou City [J]. Journal of Hunan University(Natural Sciences), 2015, 15(30): 58-62(in Chinese).
[49] 贺克斌, 杨复沫, 段凤魁, 等. 大气颗粒物与区域复合污染[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2011, 96-206. HE K B, YANG F M, DUAN F K, et al. Atmospheric particulate matter and regional composite pollution[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2011: 96-206(in Chinese).
[50] 陶俊, 张仁健, 段菁春, 等. 北京城区PM2.5中致癌重金属季节变化特征及其来源分析 [J]. 环境科学, 2014, 35(2): 411-417. TAO J, ZHANG R J, DUAN J C, et al. Seasonal variation of carcinogenic heavy metals in PM2.5 and source analysis in Beijing [J]. Environmental Science, 2014, 35(2): 411-417(in Chinese).
[51] SRIMURUGANANDAM B, NAGENDRA S M S. Chemical characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations emitted by heterogeneous traffic [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2011, 409(17): 3144-3157. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.042 [52] 赵金平, 谭吉华, 毕新慧, 等. 广州市灰霾期间大气颗粒物中无机元素的质量浓度 [J]. 环境化学, 2008, 27(3): 322-326. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0254-6108.2008.03.010 ZHAO J P, TANJ H, BI X H, et al. Mass concentration of inorganic elements in atmospheric particulates during ash in Guangzhou [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2008, 27(3): 322-326(in Chinese). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0254-6108.2008.03.010
[53] DUAN J, TAN J. Atmospheric heavy metals and arsenic in China: Situation, sources and control policies [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2013, 74(2): 93-101. [54] 汤莉莉, 汤蕾, 花艳, 等. 苏南三市秋冬PM2.5中水溶性离子和元素特征及源解析 [J]. 大气科学学报, 2015, 38(5): 686-693. TANG L L, TANG L, HUA Y, et al. Characteristics and source apportionment of water-soluble ions and elements in PM2.5 in three cities of South Jiangsu in autumn and winter [J]. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2015, 38(5): 686-693(in Chinese).
[55] HUANG S, TU J, LIU H, et al. Multivariate analysis of trace element concentrations in atmospheric deposition in the Yangtze River Delta, East China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2009, 43(36): 5781-5790. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.055 [56] 洪也, 马雁军, 李潮流, 等. 沈阳冬季灰霾日大气颗粒物元素粒径分布特征 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2011, 24(6): 637-644. HONG Y, MA Y J, LI C L, et al. Particle size distribution characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter in Shenyang winter ash day [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2011, 24(6): 637-644(in Chinese).
[57] 王丹璐, 张有贤, 牛武江. 兰州市冬季细颗粒中微量金属元素及无机可溶性离子来源分析 [J]. 环境工程学报, 2015, 9(8): 3944-3954. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.20150857 WANG D L, ZHANG Y X, NIU W J. Source analysis of trace metal elements and inorganic water-soluble ions in atmospheric fine particles in Lanzhou during winter [J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2015, 9(8): 3944-3954(in Chinese). doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.20150857
[58] 杨卫芬, 银燕, 魏玉香, 等. 霾天气下南京PM2.5中金属元素污染特征及来源分析 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2010, 30(1): 12-17. YANG W F, YIN Y, WEI Y X, et al. Characteristics and sources of metal elements in PM2.5 during hazy days in Nanjing [J]. China Environmental Science, 2010, 30(1): 12-17(in Chinese).
[59] 张璐, 王格慧, 王佳媛, 等. 西安供暖前后细颗粒物化学特征及棕碳吸光特性 [J]. 地球环境学报, 2017, 8(5): 451-458. doi: 10.7515/JEE201705008 ZHANG L, WANG G H, WANG J Y, et al. Chemical composition of fine particulate matter and optical properties of brown carbon before and during heating season in Xi’an [J]. Journal of Earth Environment, 2017, 8(5): 451-458(in Chinese). doi: 10.7515/JEE201705008
[60] SCHAUER J J, KLEEMAN M J, CASS G R, et al. Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources.5.C1-C32 organic compounds from gasoline-powered motor vehicles [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2002, 36(6): 1169-1180. [61] CHOW J C, WATSON J G, LU Z, et al. Descriptive analysis of PM2.5 and PM10 at regionally representative locations during SJVAQS/AUSPEX [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1996, 30(12): 2079-2112. doi: 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00402-5 [62] 赵辉, 郑友飞, 吴晓云, 等. 我国典型区域PM2.5化学组分特征及来源解析 [J]. 科学技术与工程, 2014, 14(31): 129-135. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2014.31.024 ZHAO H, ZHENG Y F, WU X Y, et al. PM2.5 chemical component characteristics and source apportionment in our domestic typical areas [J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2014, 14(31): 129-135(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2014.31.024