炼油行业废催化剂中重金属源释放特征及其影响因素
Leaching of heavy metals and their impacting factors from a spent catalyst in the refinery industry
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摘要: 采用连续分批浸出和柱淋溶方法研究废催化剂中重金属在环境暴露下的源释放特征，其中连续分批浸出实验设置液固比为5：1、10：1和20：1，浸提液pH值为4.5，柱淋溶实验浸提液为pH 4.5、pH 7.0及pH 7.0的浓度20 mg·L-1的DOM溶液.结果表明，连续分批浸出中，酸性条件下废催化剂中重金属浸出率随液固比增大先上升后降低，液固比小时，浸出体系处于饱和状态，随着液固比增大，浸出体系逐渐变为非饱和状态，浸出率逐渐增加，但当液固比对废催化剂中重金属元素的浸出不起控制作用时，浸出率不受液固比影响.浸出机理受浸出体系饱和状态、重金属元素赋存状态和液固比多重控制作用影响；柱淋溶中，酸性条件促进了废催化剂中重金属元素的浸出，累积释放率增加，相较于中性条件，酸性条件下的平均浸出率增加了13.4%，酸性条件未改变废催化剂中重金属元素的释放机理；溶解性有机质条件促进了废催化剂中重金属元素的浸出，累积释放率显著增加，相较于中性条件，溶解性有机质条件下的平均浸出率增加了19.6%，溶解性有机质条件未改变废催化剂中重金属元素的释放机理；连续分批浸出中最大重金属释放率均高于柱淋溶中的最大重金属释放率，且连续分批浸出中重金属浸出机理更易受外界条件影响，环境风险更大.因此在废催化剂的堆存、运输和处置过程中应注意避雨、防渗、隔离等措施，避免废催化剂中的重金属向地表水、地下水和土壤等环境介质中转移，造成更大的环境损害.Abstract: Serial batch leaching and column leaching were used to study the release characteristics of heavy metals in spent catalysts exposed to the environment. The extraction solutions used in the column leaching was pH 4.5, pH 7.0, and a concentration of 20 mg·L-1 of the DOM solution at pH 7.0, the liquid-solid ratio of the serial batch leaching was 5:1, 10:1, and 20:1, and the pH value of the extraction solutions was 4.5. The results show that, in serial batch leaching, under acidic conditions, the leaching rate of heavy metals in the spent catalyst first increases then decreases as the liquid-solid ratio increases. The leaching system is a saturated state when the liquid-solid ratio is small, the leaching system gradually becomes unsaturated and the leaching rate gradually increases as the liquid-solid ratio increases. The leaching rate is not affected by the liquid-solid ratio when the liquid-solid ratio's controlling effect on the leaching of heavy metal elements in the spent catalyst exceeds the threshold. The leaching mechanism is affected by the multiple control effects of the saturation state of the leaching system, the occurrence state of heavy metal elements, and the liquid-solid ratio. In column leaching, acidic solution promoted the leaching of heavy metal in spent catalysts, and the cumulative release rate increased. Compared with neutral conditions, the average leaching rate under acidic conditions increased by 13.4%, acidic conditions did not change the leaching mechanism of heavy metal in spent catalysts. Dissolved organic matter solution promote the leaching, and the cumulative release rate is significantly increased. Compared with neutral conditions, the average leaching rate under dissolved organic matter conditions has increased by 19.6%, and the dissolved organic matter conditions have not Change the leaching mechanism of heavy metal in spent catalysts. The maximum release rate of heavy metals in serial batch leaching is greater than column leaching, and the leaching mechanism of heavy metals in serial batch leaching is more susceptible to external conditions and their has greater environmental risks. Therefore, measures should be taken to rain protection and leakage prevention during the storage, transportation and disposal of spent catalysts to avoid the transfer of heavy metals in the spent catalysts to environmental media such as surface water, groundwater and soil,and prevent greater environmental damage.
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Key words:
- spent catalyst /
- heavy metals /
- column leaching /
- serial batch leaching
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