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塑料是一种高分子有机聚合物,被广泛应用于建筑建造,汽车制造,电子和农业生产等领域。2018年塑料的全球年产量已达3.6亿吨,并仍将持续增长[1]。除去工业活动直接产生的微米级塑料,塑料制品也会在环境中发生物理、化学和生物作用,碎化降解为尺寸小于5 mm的微塑料颗粒或碎片[2-4]。英国普利茅斯大学的汤普森等在2004年首次将直径小于5 mm的塑料纤维、颗粒或薄膜定义为“微塑料”[5]。相比大塑料,微塑料体积小、在环境中分布广泛,更容易被生物摄入。研究发现,微塑料在鱼类、贝类等水生生物体内普遍存在,并会发生食物链迁移现象[6-7],从而对生物体的健康和生态系统构成潜在威胁。
文献计量分析是一种基于数学统计的文献和信息挖掘方法,可以通过文献关键词的聚类关系来反映研究趋势和热点,已成为各个科学领域进行全球分析的重要工具[8-10]。微塑料作为一种新兴的环境污染物,全球都对微塑料研究给予了越来越多的关注。目前,已有许多微塑料及其相关领域的文献,但未见对全球微塑料研究文献进行统计分析并总结的相关综述,在分析当前研究热点和未来趋势方面尚显不足。
本文通过创建国际微塑料研究关键词聚类共现网络图和关键词突现图来探索全球微塑料研究的发展状况,创建国内微塑料研究关键词共现图来揭示我国微塑料研究的热点及趋势并对当前微塑料研究的热点和挑战进行了系统地总结。此外,还评估了未来微塑料研究的重点和前景,为研究人员提供了参考和思路。
全球微塑料研究现状及热点可视化剖析
Visual analysis of global microplastics research status and hotspots
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摘要: 为探究微塑料的研究现状、热点及研究趋势,本文以Web of Science核心数据库和中国知网数据库作为数据源,使用VOSviewer和CiteSpace软件对2004—2019年的微塑料领域研究文献进行关键词聚类和突现分析。结果表明,微塑料的国际研究热点主要集中在“微塑料的生物毒性作用”、“微塑料在水环境中的分布与丰度”、“微塑料的迁移和鉴定方法”、“微塑料的吸附作用”和“微塑料的归趋和降解行为”等5个方面。2017年后外文文献的主要突现关键词为“地中海”、“空间分布”等,表明当前微塑料的国际研究趋势是探究微塑料在封闭或者半封闭的海域(主要是地中海)中的空间分布及其在底栖生物中的污染现状和生态毒性效应。2019年中文文献共现较强的关键词主要为“检测方法”、“空间分布”、“控制对策”、“土壤生态系统”和“鄱阳湖”等,表明当前我国微塑料的研究热点可以概括为微塑料在环境(土壤和淡水)中的分布特征、鉴定和量化技术及其防控措施。未来的研究还需要完善微塑料毒性的测定方法,建立微塑料检测的标准体系并制定微塑料污染控制对策。Abstract: In order to explore the research status, hotspots and research trends of microplastics, this paper used the Web of Science core database and CNKI database as the data source, the VOSviewer and the CiteSpace as analysis tools to perform keyword cluster and bursts analysis on research literature in the field of microplastics from 2004 to 2019. Results showed that the international research hotspots of microplastics were mainly focused on “biological toxicity of microplastics”, “distribution and abundance of microplastics in aquatic environment”, “migration and identification methods of microplastics”, “adsorption of microplastics” and “the fate and degradation behavior of microplastics”. Bursts keywords of foreign literature after 2017 mainly include “mediterranean sea” and “spatial distribution”, which indicated that the research trend of microplastics was to explore the spatial distribution of microplastics in enclosed or semi-enclosed seas (mainly the Mediterranean Sea) and their pollution status and ecotoxicological effects in demersal organisms. The keywords with strong co-occurrence of Chinese literature in 2019 are mainly “detection methods”, “spatial distribution”, “control strategy”, “soil ecosystem” and “Poyang Lake”, which showed that the current research hotspots of microplastics in China can be summarized as the distribution characteristics of microplastics in the environment (soil and fresh water), identification and quantification techniques, and its prevention and control measures. Future research also needs to improve the methods for determining the toxicity of microplastics, establish a standard system for microplastics testing, and formulate microplastics pollution control countermeasures.
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Key words:
- microplastics /
- ecological toxicity /
- occurrence /
- bibliometrics /
- research hotspots
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表 1 各海域中微塑料的分布情况
Table 1. Distribution of microplastics in various sea areas
地点
Location采样介质
Sampling medium聚合物类型
Polymer types粒径范围
Particle size range丰度
Abundance参考文献
Reference大西洋 海水 94%纤维 0.25—5 mm 0—8.5颗·m−3 [17] 东北大西洋 海水 95.9%纤维 0.2—5 mm 0—22.5颗·m−3 [18] 北大西洋亚热带环流系 海水 48%PET、 PP 10—1000 µm 13—501颗·m−3 [19] 印度洋 海水 PET、 PP、发泡PS (35.8±42.5)颗·m−2 [20] 北冰洋 海水 95%纤维 0.25—5 mm 0—11.5颗·m−3 [21] 东北太平洋 海水 75%纤维 64.8 µm—5 mm 279 ± 178颗·m−3 [22] 南极洲罗斯海 海水 PP, PE 0.0032—1.18 颗·m−3 [23] 阿拉伯红海 海滩沉积物 PE 160颗·m−2 [24] 渤海 海滩沉积物 PEVA、LDPE、 PS (102.9±39.9)—(163.3±37.7)颗·kg−1 [25] 欧洲13国海岸 海滩沉积物 PET、PP、PE < 1 mm (72±24)—(1512±187)颗·kg−1 [26] PET:聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯;PP:聚丙烯;PS:聚苯乙烯;PE:聚乙烯;PEVA:聚乙烯醋酸乙烯酯;LDPE:轻密度聚乙烯. 表 2 2004—2019年国际微塑料研究突现关键词
Table 2. The keywords with the strongest citation bursts of international microplastic research between 2004 and 2019
关键词
Keywords年份
Year强度
Strength起始
Begin结束
End2004—2019 marine plastic debris 2006 8.8069 2011 2014 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▂▂▂▂▂ transport 2006 5.1280 2011 2013 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▂▂▂▂▂▂ organic pollutant 2006 7.8122 2011 2016 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▃▃▂▂▂ accumulation 2006 4.4659 2012 2013 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▂▂▂▂▂▂ toxic chemical 2006 6.5740 2013 2016 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▂▂▂ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 2006 6.9843 2013 2017 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▃▂▂ polychlorinated biphenyl 2006 3.9219 2013 2015 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▂▂▂▂ plastic ingestion 2006 3.3611 2013 2015 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▂▂▂▂ pellet 2006 7.9862 2013 2016 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▂▂▂ seabird 2006 3.9341 2014 2016 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▂▂▂ pacific ocean 2006 7.3839 2014 2016 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▂▂▂ mytilus edulis 2006 15.1625 2014 2017 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▂▂ organism 2006 8.8645 2014 2016 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▂▂▂ estuary 2006 5.4438 2015 2017 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▂▂ contaminant 2006 6.7441 2015 2019 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▃▃ quantification 2006 9.3881 2016 2019 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃▃ great lake 2006 9.1132 2016 2017 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▂▂ spatial distribution 2006 9.4358 2017 2019 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃ mediterranean sea 2006 7.6536 2017 2019 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃ coastal water 2006 6.4330 2017 2019 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃ demersal fish 2006 11.7249 2017 2019 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃▃ human health 2006 7.2478 2018 2019 ▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▃▃ -
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