-
近年来,随着城市化进程的加快,密集的人类活动使得地下水硝酸盐污染问题日益严重。过量的硝酸盐会对水生生态系统和人体健康构成严重的威胁[1-3]。因此,探究地下水硝酸盐的时空分布、来源及其影响因素显得尤为重要。国内外学者针对地下水硝酸盐的分布、来源及其影响因素开展了大量研究工作。人类活动会对地下水硝酸盐含量、分布等造成影响,生活污水及工业废水的排放、农业不合理施肥、污水灌溉等是主要影响因素[4]。庞园等[5]基于灰色关联法探究发现,广花盆地地下水中氮含量受耕地面积、化肥使用量、降雨量的直接影响。土地利用变化不仅会影响地下水的数量[6-10],还与地下水的污染有着密切的联系[11-14]。耕地、居民用地等人类活动频繁的地区,地下水硝酸盐浓度,显著大于人类活动较弱的地区[15]。Martine等[16]发现,阿根廷马德普拉塔市人类活动的强度显著影响地下水硝酸盐的浓度。同时土地利用规划的实施对周边环境也会产生一定的生态效应[17-18]。因此从土地利用变化的角度来研究地下水硝酸盐的含量变化是必要的。
我国许多地区浅层地下水存在硝酸盐污染[19-22],在全球水资源短缺的背景下,地下水作为部分地区的供水水源,其安全问题不可忽视。湛江市地处雷州半岛,是中国南方的重要港口城市之一[23]。由于受地形地貌及水文地质影响,湛江市地表水相对匮乏,地下水丰富,地下水供水量约占总供水量的62%[24],市政生活和工农业生产用水严重依赖地下水资源,因此探究该地区地下水硝酸盐的分布、来源对湛江市的水资源利用和管理有着重要的指导意义。
本文基于湛江市的土地利用分布情况,对研究区内地下水水质及水位等数据进行整合分析,揭示地下水硝酸盐污染的空间分布规律及其影响因素;进而结合未来土地利用数据对区内硝酸盐未来的分布及含量变化进行预测评估,以便为地下水硝酸盐的治理提供可靠的依据。
土地利用变化下湛江市地下水硝酸盐含量评估
Assessment of groundwater nitrate content under land use changes in Zhanjiang City
-
摘要: 随着城市化进程的加快,密集的工、农业生产等人类活动使得地下水硝酸盐污染问题突出。基于土地利用变化评估湛江市地下水中硝酸盐的含量,运用ArcGIS分析不同土地利用变化下硝酸盐的空间分布特征,结合GeoSOS-FLUS模拟软件,分析未来土地利用变化下硝酸盐的变化趋势。结果表明, 2005—2015年,湛江市耕地面积减少12.75 km2,居民用地增加了9.58 km2,分布更加集中;研究区浅层含水层中硝酸盐浓度为(51.13±48.72)mg·L−1,由北部与南部的超标区域,向中部地区递减,垂直方向上
${{\rm{NO}}_3^{-} }$ 浓度随埋深增加而大幅降低;近十年来,研究区浅层含水层中${{\rm{NO}}_3^{-}} $ 污染减轻,超标区面积缩小,但局部地区污染加剧;不同土地利用类型中耕地区浅层地下水硝酸盐平均浓度最大,居民用地与草地最小,结合${{\rm{NO}}_3^{-}} $ 与九个主要离子的相关性分析可知,地下水硝酸盐可能来源于农业化肥,生活污水与工业废水;基于模拟结果,未来30年间硝酸盐浓度随耕地面积的增长可能呈现上升的趋势,未来80年期间,硝酸盐污染整体将可能会有所下降,但以工业园区为主的居民用地区域仍保持在较高浓度。-
关键词:
- 湛江市 /
- 地下水 /
- 土地利用变化 /
- 硝酸盐 /
- GeoSOS-FLUS 模型
Abstract: With the acceleration of urbanization, the problem of nitrate pollution in groundwater is prominent due to the intensive human activities such as industrial and agricultural production. Based on the land use changes, we assessed the nitrate content in groundwater of Zhanjiang City, analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of nitrate under different land use changes using ArcGIS, and combined with GeoSOS-FLUS simulation software to analyze the change trend of nitrate under future land use changes. The results show that: 1) From 2005 to 2015, the farmland area of Zhanjiang city decreased by 12.75 km2, and urban area increased by 9.58 km2, besides the distribution was more concentrated. 2) The mass concentration of nitrate in the shallows groundwater of the study area was (51.13±48.72) mg·L−1, which was decreased from the over-standard area in the north and the south to the central area. In the vertical direction, the mass concentration of${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ decreased greatly with the increase of the buried depth. 3) In the past decade, the pollution of${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ in shallow aquifer of the study area has been alleviated, and the area of the exceedance zone has reduced, while the pollution in some areas has been intensified; 4) The average concentration of nitrate in shallow groundwater was the largest in the middle cultivation area of different land use types, and the smallest in residential land and grassland. By analyzing the correlation between${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ and nine main ions, the nitrate in groundwater might come from agricultural fertilizers, domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. 5) Based on the simulation results, in the next 30 years, the concentration of nitrate may increase with the growth of farmland area, and the overall nitrate pollution would probably decline in the next 80 years, but that of urban area mainly in industrial parks still remain at a high concentration.-
Key words:
- Zhanjiang City /
- groundwater /
- land use change /
- nitrate /
- GeoSOS-FLUS mode
-
表 1 2005—2015年土地利用类型分布变化统计
Table 1. Statistics of land use type distribution change from 2005 to 2015
土地利用类型
Land use type2005年 2015年 2005—2015年变化量/km2
Changes from 2005 to 2015变化占比/%
Percent Change面积/km2
Area百分比/%
Percentage面积/km2
Area百分比/%
Percentage耕地 613.02 53.94 600.27 52.82 −12.75 −2.08 林地 225.36 19.83 216.69 19.07 −8.67 −4 草地 4.10 0.36 4.06 0.36 −0.04 −1 水域 89.53 7.88 103.59 9.12 14.06 15.70 居民用地 192.24 16.92 201.82 17.76 9.58 4.98 荒地 12.16 1.07 9.97 0.88 −2.19 −18.01 共计 1136.41 1136.41 0 0 表 2 湛江市2005—2015年土地利用转移矩阵(km2)
Table 2. Land use transfer matrix of Zhanjiang from 2005 to 2015(km2)
土地利用类型
Land use type耕地
Farmland林地
Forest草地
Grassland水域
Water居民用地
Urban荒地
Barren2005共计
Total area in 2005耕地 555.85 19.59 0.40 9.81 26.31 1.05 613.02 林地 18.56 186.53 0.14 6.40 12.94 0.79 225.36 草地 0.51 0.11 3.29 0.08 0.08 0.03 4.09 水域 4.77 2.03 0.19 78.07 3.82 0.64 89.53 居民用地 20.00 7.82 0.03 8.33 155.92 0.15 192.24 荒地 0.57 0.61 0.00 0.92 2.75 7.31 12.16 2015共计 600.27 216.69 4.06 103.59 201.82 9.97 1136.41 表 3 2005年、2010年和2015年浅层地下水硝酸盐的分布统计
Table 3. Distribution statistics of nitrate in shallow groundwater in 2005,2010 and 2015
年份 最大值/(mg·L−1)
Max最小值/(mg·L−1)
Min平均值/(mg·L−1)
Average标准偏差/(mg·L−1)
Standard deviation变异系数/%
Coefficient of variation样本超标率/%
Excess rate2005 125 0.2 56.17 46.55 83 33.3 2010 140 2 50.71 35.79 77 35.7 2015 150 0 51.13 48.72 95 37.5 表 4 2015年不同土地利用类型下
统计值(mg·L−1)${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ Table 4. Statistical values of
under different land use types in 2015(mg·L−1)${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ 土地利用类型
Land use type最小值
Min最大值
Max均值
Average标准偏差
Standard deviation耕地 4.61 149.54 55.83 19.28 林地 7.31 135.24 54.52 16.38 草地 9.88 74.94 32.28 19.95 水域 7.16 80.24 52.74 10.78 居民用地 4.51 150 45.94 22.72 荒地 19.06 74.52 52.66 13.48 表 5
与不同含水层中化学成分的相关性${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ Table 5. The correlation between
and the chemical constituents in different aquifers${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ 含水层
Aquifer变量
VariableNa++K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl− ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-} $ ${\rm{NO}}_2^{-} $ ${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ TFe 浅层 r2 0.950** 0.704** 0.645* 0.546* 0.623* 0.505* 0.411 0.054 −0.442 P 0 0.005 0.013 0.43 0.017 0.065 0.144 0.856 0.086 中层 r2 −0.332 −0.397 −0.35 0.101 0.006 −0.639** 0.058 −0.216 −0.282 P 0.208 0.127 0.185 0.711 0.983 0.008 0.832 0.421 0.257 深层 r2 −0.101 0.003 −0.107 −0.416 −0.227 0.008 0.323 −0.271 −0.331 P 0.655 0.989 0.635 0.054 0.310 0.973 0.165 0.248 0.133 注:“*”表示显著相关,“**”表示极显著相关;r2(相关系数),P(P值).
Note:* represents correlation is significant at the 0.05 level; ** represents correlation is significant at the 0.01 level; r2 represents correlation coefficient; p represents p value.表 6 2010—2050年土地利用变化转移矩阵(km2)
Table 6. Land use change transfer matrix from 2010 to 2050(km2)
土地利用类型
Land use type耕地
Farmland林地
Forest草地
Grassland水域
Water居民用地
Urban荒地
Barren2010年共计
Total area in 2010耕地 1685.20 16.87 88.49 18.52 96.27 2.10 1907.45 林地 655.10 8.19 62.29 0.81 19.82 0.00 746.22 草地 8.78 0.00 0.94 0.00 1.15 0.00 10.86 水域 63.52 1.06 17.06 6.36 9.03 6.66 103.67 居民用地 180.89 0.00 9.15 5.36 83.49 4.75 283.64 荒地 8.23 0.00 4.58 0.94 0.04 0.00 13.79 2050共计 2601.71 26.12 182.50 31.99 209.80 13.50 3065.63 表 7 2050—2100年土地利用变化转移矩阵(km2)
Table 7. Land use change transfer matrix from 2050 to 2100(km2)
土地利用类型
Land use type耕地
Farmland林地
Forest草地
Grassland水域
Water居民用地
Urban荒地
Barren2050年共计
Total area in 2050耕地 405.06 6.93 2194.83 0.73 26.11 0 2633.67 林地 0 26.21 1.61 0 0 0 27.82 草地 0.85 7.91 189.77 0 0.28 0 198.81 水域 0 0 0.03 45.39 0 0 45.42 居民用地 5.44 0 10.15 0 195.69 0 211.28 荒地 0 0 3.12 0 0 13.28 16.40 2100共计 411.35 41.05 2399.51 46.13 222.09 13.28 3133.41 -
[1] MICHENER R, LAJTHA K. Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science[M]. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007. [2] ZHANG Y, LI F D, ZHANG Q Y, et al. Tracing nitrate pollution sources and transformation in surface- and ground-waters using environmental isotopes [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 490: 213-222. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.004 [3] 王庆锁, 顾颖, 孙东宝. 巢湖流域地下水硝态氮含量空间分布和季节变化格局 [J]. 生态学报, 2014, 34(15): 4372-4379. WANG Q S, GU Y, SUN D B. Spatial and seasonal variations of nitrate-N concentration in groundwater within Chao Lake watershed [J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(15): 4372-4379(in Chinese).
[4] 徐进, 何江涛, 彭聪, 等. 柳江盆地浅层地下水硝酸型水特征和成因分析 [J]. 环境科学, 2018, 39(9): 4142-4149. XU J, HE J T, PENG C, et al. Characteristics and genesis of NO3 type water in shallow groundwater in Liujiang basin [J]. Environmental Science, 2018, 39(9): 4142-4149(in Chinese).
[5] 庞园, 李志威, 张明珠. 广花盆地地下水三氮时空分布特征及影响因素分析 [J]. 生态环境学报, 2018, 27(5): 916-925. PANG Y, LI Z W, ZHANG M Z. Analysis of spatial-temporal distribution and influencing factors of three-nitrogen in groundwater of Guanghua basin [J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2018, 27(5): 916-925(in Chinese).
[6] LERNER D N, HARRIS B. The relationship between land use and groundwater resources and quality [J]. Land Use Policy, 2009, 26: S265-S273. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.09.005 [7] SCANLON B R, REEDY R C, STONESTROM D A, et al. Impact of land use and land cover change on groundwater recharge and quality in the southwestern US [J]. Global Change Biology, 2005, 11(10): 1577-1593. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01026.x [8] 崔健, 都基众, 李霄, 等. 齐齐哈尔市土地利用变化及其对地下水水质的影响 [J]. 地球与环境, 2015, 43(3): 308-315. CUI J, DU J Z, LI X, et al. Effects of land use change on groundwater quality in Qiqihar city [J]. Earth and Environment, 2015, 43(3): 308-315(in Chinese).
[9] 马兴旺, 李保国, 吴春荣, 等. 民勤绿洲现状土地利用模式影响下地下水位时空变化的预测 [J]. 水科学进展, 2003, 14(1): 85-90. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-6791.2003.01.015 MA X W, LI B G, WU C R, et al. Predicting of temporal-spatial change of groundwater table resulted from current land use in Minqin oasis [J]. Advances in Water Science, 2003, 14(1): 85-90(in Chinese). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-6791.2003.01.015
[10] 闫佰忠, 肖长来, 刘泓志, 等. 吉林市城区土地利用对地下水污染空间分布的影响 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2015, 35(3): 934-942. YAN B Z, XIAO C L, LIU H Z, et al. Effect of urban land use on the spatial distribution of groundwater pollution in the Jilin City [J]. China Environmental Science, 2015, 35(3): 934-942(in Chinese).
[11] JEONG C H. Effect of land use and urbanization on hydrochemistry and contamination of groundwater from Taejon area, Korea [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2001, 253(1/2/3/4): 194-210. [12] 马兴旺, 朱靖蓉, 李保国. 绿洲土地利用对地下水矿化度时空变化影响的定量评估 [J]. 自然资源学报, 2009, 24(3): 466-475. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-3037.2009.03.011 MA X W, ZHU J R, LI B G. Quantitative evaluating of temporal-spatial change of groundwater mineralization resulted from land use in oasis [J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2009, 24(3): 466-475(in Chinese). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-3037.2009.03.011
[13] 苏跃, 刘方, 李航, 等. 喀斯特山区不同土地利用方式下土壤质量变化及其对水环境的影响 [J]. 水土保持学报, 2008, 22(1): 65-68. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1009-2242.2008.01.014 SU Y, LIU F, LI H, et al. Effects of land-use patterns on soil and environmental water quality in Karst hilly areas [J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2008, 22(1): 65-68(in Chinese). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1009-2242.2008.01.014
[14] 赵新锋, 曾松青, 陈建耀, 等. “珠三角”地区城市化对地下水水质影响案例研究 [J]. 生态环境, 2008, 17(2): 533-536. ZHAO X F, ZENG S Q, CHEN J Y, et al. Effects of urbanization on groundwater quality: A case study in Pearl River Delta [J]. Ecology and Environment, 2008, 17(2): 533-536(in Chinese).
[15] 王仕琴, 郑文波, 孔晓乐. 华北农区浅层地下水硝酸盐分布特征及其空间差异性 [J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2018, 26(10): 1476-1482. WANG S Q, ZHENG W B, KONG X L. Spatial distribution characteristics of nitrate in shallow groundwater of the agricultural area of the North China Plain [J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2018, 26(10): 1476-1482(in Chinese).
[16] MARTÍNEZ D, MOSCHIONE E, BOCANEGRA E, et al. Distribution and origin of nitrate in groundwater in an urban and suburban aquifer in Mar del Plata, Argentina [J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2014, 72(6): 1877-1886. doi: 10.1007/s12665-014-3096-x [17] 杨应增, 何守阳, 吴攀, 等. 岩溶地下河水化学对城镇化进程的时序响应 [J]. 环境科学, 2019, 40(10): 4532-4542. YANG Y Z, HE S Y, WU P, et al. Temporal response of subterranean Karst stream hydrochemistry to urbanization [J]. Environmental Science, 2019, 40(10): 4532-4542(in Chinese).
[18] 周飞, 陈士银, 钟来元, 等. 湛江市土地利用总体规划实施的生态效应评价 [J]. 热带地理, 2009, 29(3): 274-279. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5221.2009.03.013 ZHOU F, CHEN S Y, ZHONG L Y, et al. Evaluation of ecological effects on the implementation of comprehensive land-use planning of Zhanjiang city [J]. Tropical Geography, 2009, 29(3): 274-279(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5221.2009.03.013
[19] 戴启, 莫美仙, 陈海宁. 昆明盆地北部浅层地下水硝酸盐污染分析 [J]. 云南地质, 2009, 28(4): 437-444. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1885.2009.04.015 DAI Q, MO M X, CHEN H N. The analysis of nitrate pollution of shallow underground water in north Kunming basin [J]. Yunnan Geology, 2009, 28(4): 437-444(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1885.2009.04.015
[20] 潘田, 张幼宽. 太湖流域长兴县浅层地下水氮污染特征及影响因素研究 [J]. 水文地质工程地质, 2013, 40(4): 7-12. PAN T, ZHANG Y K. A study of nitrogen pollution in shallow groundwater and its affecting factors in Changxing County in the Taihu Basin [J]. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology, 2013, 40(4): 7-12(in Chinese).
[21] 王与. 模拟土地利用变化对地下水硝酸盐面源污染影响的研究[D]. 成都: 西南交通大学, 2017. WANG Y. Modelling the effects of land-use change on groundwater non-point nitrate contamination[D]. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University, 2017(in Chinese).
[22] 闫金凤, 陈曦, 周可法. 土地利用变化对绿洲区地下水硝酸盐空间变异特征的影响 [J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2008, 27(4): 1476-1481. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1672-2043.2008.04.035 YAN J F, CHEN X, ZHOU K F. Effects of land use change on the spatial variation characteristics of nitrate content in groundwater in oases [J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2008, 27(4): 1476-1481(in Chinese). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1672-2043.2008.04.035
[23] 陈科, 徐达. 湛江市城区地下水污染因子灰色关联分析 [J]. 广东水利水电, 2009(3): 37-39,46. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0112.2009.03.011 CHEN K, XU D. Gray correlation analysis of groundwater pollution factors in urban area of Zhanjiang city [J]. Guangdong Water Resources and Hydropower, 2009(3): 37-39,46(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0112.2009.03.011
[24] 梁冬梅, 赵新锋, 陈建耀, 等. 雷州半岛土壤渗透性及其与地下水补给关系 [J]. 热带地理, 2016, 36(6): 960-968. LIANG D M, ZHAO X F, CHEN J Y, et al. Soil permeability in relation to groundwater recharge from rainfall infiltration in the Leizhou peninsula [J]. Tropical Geography, 2016, 36(6): 960-968(in Chinese).
[25] 汪彪, 刘玉国, 周毅, 等. 1951—2010年湛江市平均气温变化特征分析 [J]. 气候变化研究快报, 2017, 6(5): 283-287. doi: 10.12677/CCRL.2017.65031 WANG B, LIU Y G, ZHOU Y, et al. Characteristics of mean surface air temperature variation in Zhanjiang during 1951-2010 [J]. Climate Change Research Letters, 2017, 6(5): 283-287(in Chinese). doi: 10.12677/CCRL.2017.65031
[26] 梁靖. 湛江冯村垃圾场对中深层承压水污染的可能性及其防治 [J]. 水资源保护, 2010, 26(3): 30-32,90. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6933.2010.03.008 LIANG J. Possibility and control measures of confined water pollution in middle-deep layer of Fengcun landfill in Zhanjiang City [J]. Water Resources Protection, 2010, 26(3): 30-32,90(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6933.2010.03.008
[27] 温汉辉. 雷州半岛地下水循环规律及合理开发利用研究[D]. 武汉: 中国地质大学, 2013. WEN H H. Study on circulation pattern and numerical modeling of groundwater flow in Leizhou peninsula[D]. Wuhan: China University of Geosciences, 2013(in Chinese).
[28] 刁美娜, 温小虎, 张志东, 等. 莱州湾东岸地下水硝酸盐空间变异特征研究 [J]. 安全与环境学报, 2012, 12(3): 137-141. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6094.2012.03.033 DIAO M N, WEN X H, ZHANG Z D, et al. On the spatial nitrate concentration variations in the groundwater of the eastern Coast of Laizhou Bay [J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2012, 12(3): 137-141(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6094.2012.03.033
[29] 孙长虹, 陈淑峰, 刁徐笑, 等. 基于GIS的华北某市地下潜水层硝酸盐含量变化趋势分析 [J]. 安全与环境学报, 2016, 16(3): 293-298. SUN C H, CHEN S F, DIAO X X, et al. GIS-based analysis of the changing trend of the phreatic aquifer nitrate content in a metropolis of North China [J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2016, 16(3): 293-298(in Chinese).
[30] 吴海燕, 傅世锋, 蔡晓琼, 等. 东山岛地下水“三氮”空间分布特征 [J]. 环境科学, 2015, 36(9): 3203-3211. WU H Y, FU S F, CAI X Q, et al. Spatial variation of ammonia-N, nitrate-N and nitrite-N in groundwater of Dongshan island [J]. Environmental Science, 2015, 36(9): 3203-3211(in Chinese).
[31] LI X, CHEN G Z, LIU X P, et al. A new global land-use and land-cover change product at a 1-km resolution for 2010 to 2100 based on human-environment interactions [J]. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 2017, 107(5): 1040-1059. doi: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1303357 [32] 张俊, 何国伟, 梁楚灵, 等. 湛江城市海岸线景观带分析与构想 [J]. 安徽农业科学, 2015, 43(11): 179-181,206. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2015.11.067 ZHANG J, HE G W, LIANG C L, et al. The analysis and conceive of the landscape belt of Zhanjiang city coastline [J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2015, 43(11): 179-181,206(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2015.11.067
[33] 唐高光. 探析湛江市土地资源利用现状及其发展规划 [J]. 安徽农学通报(下半月刊), 2011, 17(16): 144-145,212. TANG G G. Exploring the status of Land resources utilization and its development planning in Zhanjiang city [J]. Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2011, 17(16): 144-145,212(in Chinese).
[34] 周迅, 赵汝荣, 陈琦. 福州市浅层地下水的硝化机制 [J]. 水资源保护, 2017, 33(4): 26-31,46. doi: 10.3880/j.issn.1004-6933.2017.04.005 ZHOU X, ZHAO R R, CHEN Q. Nitrification of shallow groundwater in Fuzhou City, China [J]. Water Resources Protection, 2017, 33(4): 26-31,46(in Chinese). doi: 10.3880/j.issn.1004-6933.2017.04.005
[35] ZUO R, JIN S H, CHEN M H, et al. In-situ study of migration and transformation of nitrogen in groundwater based on continuous observations at a contaminated desert site [J]. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2018, 211: 39-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.03.003 [36] ZHOU X, YAN X, LI J, et al. Evolution of the groundwater environment under a long-term exploitation in the coastal area near Zhanjiang, China [J]. Environmental Geology, 2007, 51(5): 847-856. [37] LI D D, THOMPSON R S, BERGMANN G, et al. Template-based synthesis and magnetic properties of cobalt nanotube arrays [J]. Advanced Materials, 2008, 20(23): 4575-4578. doi: 10.1002/adma.200801455 [38] 耿玉栋, 张千千, 孙继朝, 等. 不同土地利用方式和地下水埋深对水中硝态氮浓度分布的影响 [J]. 环境污染与防治, 2016, 38(6): 63-68. GENG Y D, ZHANG Q Q, SUN J C, et al. Impact of land use types and groundwater depth on the distribution of nitrate nitrogen in groundwater [J]. Environmental Pollution & Control, 2016, 38(6): 63-68(in Chinese).
[39] 陈建平, 毛宏涛, 丁际豫, 等. 氮肥对地下水中“三氮”响应机理 [J]. 辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 34(1): 118-123. CHEN J P, MAO H T, DING J Y, et al. Response mechanism of nitrogen fertilization to ammonianitrite-nitrates groundwater [J]. Journal of Liaoning Technical University (Natural Science), 2015, 34(1): 118-123(in Chinese).
[40] 黄冠星, 孙继朝, 荆继红, 等. 珠江三角洲地区地下水铁的分布特征及其成因 [J]. 中国地质, 2008, 35(3): 531-538. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3657.2008.03.018 HUANG G X, SUN J C, JING J H, et al. Distribution and origin of iron in groundwater of the Zhujiang delta [J]. Geology in China, 2008, 35(3): 531-538(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3657.2008.03.018
[41] 姚锦梅, 周训, 谢朝海. 湛江市深层承压水铁分布和地球化学模拟研究 [J]. 现代地质, 2009, 23(6): 1174-1179. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2009.06.025 YAO J M, ZHOU X, XIE C H. Study on Fe occurrence and geochemical simulation of groundwater in the deep confined water in Zhanjiang [J]. Geoscience, 2009, 23(6): 1174-1179(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2009.06.025