-
石油烃(petroleum hydrocarbons)包括汽油、煤油、柴油、润滑油、沥青等,是一类由烷烃、环烷烃、芳香烃、烯烃等烃类物质,含O、S、N化合物等非烃组分组成的一类高毒性及难降解有机污染物[1]。在勘探、开采、运输、贮存、加工和使用过程中易造成石油烃类物质的非正常泄漏[2-4],并进入土壤介质。石油烃对土壤的危害主要表现在两个方面:1)石油烃会改变土壤成分、结构,使其通透性发生改变;2)石油烃易对人体产生较强烈的致突变、致癌和致畸效应,在动植物体内产生生物富集作用。因此,保障土壤环境安全,开展石油烃污染土壤修复工作意义重大。
目前,石油烃污染土壤修复主要采用的技术有:化学修复技术、物理修复技术和生物修复技术。相比于物理修复技术对机械设备和人力要求高,生物修复技术修复周期长等技术短板问题,化学修复技术因具有成本低、修复周期短、效能高及适用性强等优势,常被用于石油烃污染土壤修复[5-6]。其中,经化学氧化处理后的石油烃污染土壤,后续还有利于有机衔接生物或者物理修复技术强化修复效果[7]。为掌握化学氧化法修复石油烃污染土壤发展动态与趋势,采用Web of ScienceTM,以石油烃、土壤和化学氧化为主题词检索,发现以化学氧化法修复石油烃污染土壤的研究报道的发文量呈上升趋势,统计1990年至2020年年底共有1270篇,如图1所示。由此反映出,基于化学氧化法修复石油烃污染土壤的研究受到研究者亲睐。
通过国内外文献的归纳整理,本文系统综述了现有的氧化技术主要类型;汇总了基于化学氧化法修复石油烃污染土壤的强化措施、关键影响因素及其在修复石油烃污染土壤方面的应用效果;对比分析了不同类型氧化技术应用于石油烃污染土壤修复的优缺点;并对今后化学氧化法修复石油烃污染土壤的发展方向与挑战提出了展望。
基于化学氧化法修复石油烃污染土壤研究进展
Research progress on remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil using chemical oxidation
-
摘要: 石油作为现代工业的血液,被广泛应用于各行各业。但是,其带来的环境污染问题不容忽视,尤其是泄漏等生产事故诱发的土壤污染。化学氧化法因具有修复效能高、成本低及操作便利等优势,常用于石油烃污染土壤修复。本文重点综述了基于过氧化氢和过硫酸盐的高级氧化技术修复石油烃污染土壤过程中常用的活化剂、强化措施、关键影响因素及其效能;汇总了其他氧化剂在修复石油烃污染土壤方面的效果;分析了不同高级氧化技术应用于石油烃污染土壤修复的优缺点;展望了化学氧化法修复石油烃污染土壤未来的发展方向与挑战。Abstract: Petroleum is considered to be the blood of the modern industry, which has been widely used in a wide range of industries. However, the environmental pollution caused by petroleum, especially the soil pollution induced by petroleum leakage accidents could not be ignored. The chemical oxidation method is a suitable and widespread remediation approach to petroleum-contaminated soil since it has the advantages of high remediation efficiency, low cost, and easy operation. This paper mainly provided an up-to-date overview of two common advanced oxidation techniques, hydrogen peroxide and persulfate separately. This part focused on the activators, intensification measures, key influencing factors, and their effectiveness. Besides, the effects of other oxidants on the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil were summarized. Meanwhile, the advantages and disadvantages of various advanced oxidation techniques for the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil were also highlighted. Finally, the future development directions and challenges of the chemical oxidation method of remediation for petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil were also proposed.
-
Key words:
- petroleum hydrocarbon /
- chemical oxidation /
- soil remediation /
- hydrogen peroxide /
- persulfate
-
表 1 不同铁基材料活化H2O2修复石油烃污染土壤汇总表
Table 1. Summary of different iron-based activators activate H2O2 for remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil
污染物浓度/
(mg·kg −1)
Concentration土壤类型
Soil
type活化剂类型
Activator
type活化剂
Activators反应条件 Reaction conditions 降解率/%
Degradation
rate文献来源References 活化剂与H2O2
摩尔投加比
Molar dosing
ratio of activator
to H2O2反应时间/h
Reaction
time反应体系
pH反应温度/℃
Reaction
temperature32400 砂质壤土 铁盐 硫酸铁 1:300 24 pH=7 25 32.7 [13] 1000 粉质壤土 铁盐 高氯酸铁(Ⅲ) 1:60 1 pH=7 — 99.0 [15] 1000 粉质壤土 铁盐 硫酸铁(Ⅲ) 1:60 1 pH=7 — 80.0 [15] 1000 硅砂 铁盐 硫酸亚铁 1:380 72 pH=7 20±2 50.0 [20] 1000 硅砂 铁矿物 磁铁矿 质量占比5.0% 192 pH=7 20±2 49.0 [20] 1000 硅砂 铁矿物 针铁矿 质量占比5.0% 192 pH=7 20±2 60.0 [20] 32000 砂质土 铁矿物 磁铁矿 1:17.5 6 pH=3 25 74.2 [25] 4000 砂质土 铁矿物 磁铁矿 1:10 168 pH=7—8 20—25 84.0 [26] 5000 砂质壤土 铁矿物 磁铁矿 质量占比4.3% 24 pH=6.7—7.4 25—27 57.0 [21] 10000 砂质土和
硅砂铁矿物 含氧碱性
炉渣质量占比15.0% 40 pH=12.1 23.5—30.8 96.0 [9] 30510 砂质土 零价铁 零价铁 1:3.75 48 pH=7 环境温度 39.3 [23] 5000 砂质壤土 零价铁 零价铁 质量占比4.3% 24 pH=6.7—7.4 25—27 67.0 [21] 6798.5 黏质土 其他 载铁沸石 质量占比30.0% 25 pH=6 20 70.1 [24] 表 2 基于H2O2的高级氧化技术修复石油烃污染土壤的主要影响因素
Table 2. The main influencing factors of advanced oxidation technology based on H2O2 for remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil
影响因素
Influencing factors影响方面
Influence双氧水投加方式 一次性加入过量H2O2可能会消耗或清除·OH并产生反应性低的HO2·,适量增加投加次数可有效提高H2O2稳定性 pH pH高会导致铁元素形成胶体或沉淀,也会消耗·OH;pH低抑制H2O2分解 反应温度 影响反应体系分子热运动,影响 ·OH与污染物的碰撞和反应 双氧水投加量 H2O2浓度高消耗体系·OH或是与土壤有机质发生反应;H2O2浓度低产生的·OH量不足 双氧水与活化剂之比 影响活化剂活化H2O2分解产生·OH 表 3 不同活化手段活化PS修复石油烃污染土壤汇总表
Table 3. Summary of different activation methods for PS remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil
污染物浓度/(mg·kg−1)
Concentration土壤类型
Soil type活化措施
Activation measures活化剂
Activators反应条件 Reaction conditions 降解率/%
Degradation rate文献来源
References活化剂与PS
摩尔投加比
Molar dosing
ratio of
Activator
to PS反应时间/d
Reaction
time反应体系pH
pH of
reaction
system反应温度/℃
Reaction
temperature7650 — 过渡金属
活化Fe2+ 5.25:1 — — 20 91.9 [77] 62200 砂质土 过渡金属
活化Fe3+ 质量比17:60 2 pH=7.76 20 78.0±3 [62] 4000 砂质土 过渡金属
活化磁铁矿 1:1 7 pH=7—8 20—25 73 [26] 62940-84960 — 过渡金属
活化Fe2+ 1:1 2 pH=4 20 18.8 [58] 62940-84960 — 过渡金属
活化Cu2+ 1:1 2 pH=4 20 6.6 [58] 62940-84960 — 过渡金属
活化Fe3O4 1:1 2 pH=4 20 5.5 [58] 1000 砂质黏土 过渡金属
活化颗粒零价铁 1:10 4 pH=7 20 54.0 [57] 1000 砂质黏土 过渡金属
活化纳米零价铁 1:10 4 pH=7 20 60.0 [57] 1000 砂质黏土 过渡金属
活化Fe2+ 1:10 4 pH=7 20 31.0 [57] 13259 壤土 过渡金属
活化零价铁 1:1 60 pH=7 25 57.4−62.6 [78] 19850 — 过渡金属
活化Fe 5:1 3 pH=5 22±1 82.2 [64] 5000 砂质土 过渡金属
活化Fe2+ 1:10 40 — 25 55.0 [61] 15000 砂质壤土 过氧化物
活化CaO2 1:2 7 pH=7 20 82.1 [69] 7650 — 过氧化物
活化H2O2 2.14:1 — — 20 92.4 [77] 58837 — 热活化 — — 5 pH=7 50 45.5 [70] 14432.5 砂质壤土 碱活化 NaOH — 1 pH=12 20 35.0 [59] 4930±50 砂质壤土 碱活化 NaOH 4:1 56 pH>12 20 98.0 [79] 表 4 基于PS氧化修复石油烃污染土壤的主要影响因素
Table 4. The main influencing factors of PS oxidation degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil
影响因素
Influence factors影响方面
InfluencePS投加量 投加量少产生的氧化性物质少;投加量太多导致氧化剂与土壤中的有机物质或其他还原性物质发生反应造成浪费,甚至造成二次污染问题 活化剂与PS投加量比 在一定范围内,活化剂与PS投加比越高,对石油烃的降解效果越好;投加比过高会导致活化剂消耗SO4-· 反应时间 控制反应时间保证反应进行完全 pH值 pH主要影响起活化作用的重金属的活化效果,间接影响石油烃降解率 PS投加方式 一次投加能保证氧化剂浓度处在较高水平 表 5 其他氧化剂氧化修复石油烃污染土壤汇总表
Table 5. Summary of other oxidants for oxidative remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil
氧化技术
Oxidation technology污染物浓度/
(mg·kg−1)
Concentration土壤类型
Soil type反应条件 Reaction conditions 降解率/%
Degradation rate文献来源
References氧化剂投加量
Oxidant
dosage反应时间/h
Reaction
time反应体系pH
pH of reaction
system反应温度/℃
Reaction
temperature臭氧氧化 10314 砂质土 臭氧浓度
119 ± 6 mg·L−1 、
流速50 mL·min−114 pH<2 22±2 94.0 [90] 高锰酸钾氧化 5542 壤质砂土 5.0% 744 pH=7.8 24 72.0 [112] 高锰酸盐氧化 1.05×106 砂质土 50 g·L−1 360 — — 99.0 [100] 次氯酸钠氧化 5473 砂质土 3.0% NaClO、0.12 g NaClO·g−1 土 2 pH=7 — 85.0 [104] 过氧化钙氧化 10604 砂质土 2.5% 60 pH=8 — 95.6 [110] 过氧化钙氧化 13200 壤土 0.83 mmol CaO2 ·g−1土 24 — 25 44.1 [111] -
[1] 生态环境部. 水质 石油类和动植物油类的测定 红外分光光度法: HJ 637—2018[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2018. Water quality—Determination of petroleum, animal fats and vegetable oils—Infrared spectrophotometry: HJ 637—2018[S]. Beijing: China Environment Science Press, 2018(in Chinese).
[2] 刘文霞, 孟祥远, 冯建灿, 等. 中原油田耕地污染分析 [J]. 农业环境保护, 2002, 21(1): 56-59. LIU W X, MENG X Y, FENG J C, et al. Pollution of farmland soil by petroleum industry in the central Plains oil field [J]. Agro-Environmental Protection, 2002, 21(1): 56-59(in Chinese).
[3] 昆仑. 输油管道爆炸的惨痛教训 [J]. 城市与减灾, 2010(5): 46-47. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-0495.2010.05.014 KUN L. Painful lessen on explosion accident of oil pipeline [J]. City and Disaster Reduction, 2010(5): 46-47(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-0495.2010.05.014
[4] SAMMARCO P W, KOLIAN S R, WARBY R A F, et al. Distribution and concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons associated with the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2013, 73(1): 129-143. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.029 [5] 王威, 苏小四, 张玉玲, 等. 石油类污染场地的自然衰减作用[J]. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 2011, 41(S1): 310-314, 327. WANG W, SU X S, ZHANG Y L, et al. Natural attenuation of A petroleum contaminated site[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 2011, 41(Sup 1): 310-314, 327(in Chinese).
[6] 张峰, 薛晓虎. 石油污染土壤的生物通风修复 [J]. 能源环境保护, 2008, 22(3): 1-4. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8759.2008.03.001 ZHANG F, XUE X H. Bioventing remediation of soil polluted by oil [J]. Energy Environmental Protection, 2008, 22(3): 1-4(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8759.2008.03.001
[7] 罗玉虎, 卢楠. 高级氧化技术在石油污染土壤修复中的应用 [J]. 乡村科技, 2019(10): 107-109. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7909.2019.10.061 LUO Y H, LU N. Application of advanced oxidation technology in remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil [J]. Rural Science and Technology, 2019(10): 107-109(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7909.2019.10.061
[8] 陈胜兵, 何少华, 娄金生, 等. Fenton试剂的氧化作用机理及其应用 [J]. 环境科学与技术, 2004, 27(3): 105-107,120. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2004.03.045 CHEN S B, HE S H, LOU J S, et al. Oxidation mechanism and application of Fenton reagent [J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2004, 27(3): 105-107,120(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2004.03.045
[9] TSAI T T, KAO C M. Treatment of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated soils using hydrogen peroxide oxidation catalyzed by waste basic oxygen furnace slag [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 170(1): 466-472. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.073 [10] 崔英杰, 杨世迎, 王萍, 等. Fenton原位化学氧化法修复有机污染土壤和地下水研究[J]. 化学进展, 2008, 20(S2): 1196-1201. CUI Y J, YANG S Y, WANG P, et al. Organically polluted soil and groundwater remediation by in situ Fenton oxidation[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2008, 20(Sup 2): 1196-1201(in Chinese).
[11] LIN S S, GUROL M D. Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide on iron oxide: kinetics, mechanism, and implications [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1998, 32(10): 1417-1423. [12] 潘玥. 类芬顿技术处理多环芳烃污染土壤及过氧化钙体系的反应机理研究[D]. 上海: 上海交通大学, 2019.PAN Y. Fenton-like reaction for remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soil and mechanism of calcium peroxide based Fenton-like reactions[D]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2019(in Chinese). [13] LU M, ZHANG Z Z, QIAO W, et al. Remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil after composting by sequential treatment with Fenton-like oxidation and biodegradation [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(7): 2106-2113. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.002 [14] 陈彩成, 李青青, 王旌, 等. 滩涂石油污染高级氧化修复技术 [J]. 环境工程学报, 2016, 10(5): 2700-2706. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201509240 CHEN C C, LI Q Q, WANG J, et al. Advanced oxidation technology for remediation of petroleum-contaminated tidal flat [J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2016, 10(5): 2700-2706(in Chinese). doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201509240
[15] WATTS R J, DILLY S E. Evaluation of iron catalysts for the Fenton-like remediation of diesel-contaminated soils [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 1996, 51(1/2/3): 209-224. [16] YANG X J, XU X M, XU J, et al. Iron oxychloride (FeOCl): An efficient Fenton-like catalyst for producing hydroxyl radicals in degradation of organic contaminants [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2013, 135(43): 16058-16061. doi: 10.1021/ja409130c [17] WATTS R J, KONG S, DIPPRE M, et al. Oxidation of sorbed hexachlorobenzene in soils using catalyzed hydrogen peroxide [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 1994, 39(1): 33-47. doi: 10.1016/0304-3894(94)00055-7 [18] FRITZ H, JOSEPH W. The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by iron salts [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A - Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 1934, 147(861): 332-351. [19] WATTS R J, TEEL A L. Chemistry of modified fenton's reagent (catalyzed H2O2 propagations–CHP) for in situ soil and groundwater remediation [J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2005, 131(4): 612-622. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2005)131:4(612) [20] KONG S H, WATTS R J, CHOI J H. Treatment of petroleum-contaminated soils using iron mineral catalyzed hydrogen peroxide [J]. Chemosphere, 1998, 37(8): 1473-1482. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00137-4 [21] JAMIALAHMADI N, GITIPOUR S, JAMIALAHMADI O, et al. Remediation of a diesel-contaminated soil using a Fenton-like advanced oxidation process: Optimization by response surface methodology [J]. Soil and Sediment Contamination:an International Journal, 2015, 24(6): 609-623. doi: 10.1080/15320383.2015.996633 [22] LIM H, LEE J, JIN S, et al. Highly active heterogeneous Fenton catalyst using iron oxide nanoparticles immobilized in alumina coated mesoporous silica [J]. Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England), 2006(4): 463-465. doi: 10.1039/B513517F [23] OURIACHE H, ARRAR J, NAMANE A, et al. Treatment of petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated soil by Fenton like oxidation [J]. Chemosphere, 2019, 232: 377-386. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.060 [24] 蔡嘉希, 雷雨坤, 章诗辞, 等. 载铁沸石非均相芬顿修复石油污染土壤试验研究 [J]. 武汉理工大学学报, 2018, 40(7): 78-83. CAI J X, LEI Y K, ZHANG S C, et al. Oxidation of petroleum contaminated soil by supported iron zeolite heterogeneous Fenton [J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, 2018, 40(7): 78-83(in Chinese).
[25] MIRZAEE E, GITIPOUR S, MOUSAVI M, et al. Optimization of total petroleum hydrocarbons removal from Mahshahr contaminated soil using magnetite nanoparticle catalyzed Fenton-like oxidation [J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2017, 76(4): 1-13. [26] USMAN M, FAURE P, HANNA K, et al. Application of magnetite catalyzed chemical oxidation (Fenton-like and persulfate) for the remediation of oil hydrocarbon contamination [J]. Fuel, 2012, 96: 270-276. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.01.017 [27] FLORES R, BLASS G, DOMÍNGUEZ V. Soil remediation by an advanced oxidative method assisted with ultrasonic energy [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007, 140(1/2): 399-402. [28] SAWARKAR A N, PANDIT A B, SAMANT S D, et al. Use of ultrasound in petroleum residue upgradation [J]. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2009, 87(3): 329-342. doi: 10.1002/cjce.20169 [29] SIVAGAMI K, ANAND D, DIVYAPRIYA G, et al. Treatment of petroleum oil spill sludge using the combined ultrasound and Fenton oxidation process [J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2019, 51: 340-349. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.09.007 [30] GHARAEE A, KHOSRAVI-NIKOU M R, ANVARIPOUR B. Hydrocarbon contaminated soil remediation: A comparison between Fenton, sono-Fenton, photo-Fenton and sono-photo-Fenton processes [J]. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2019, 79: 181-193. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.06.033 [31] 艾军勇, 张道勇, 牟书勇, 等. 超声波/紫外线-Fenton反应联用去除克拉玛依土壤中石油类污染物 [J]. 环境工程学报, 2012, 6(3): 983-988. AI J Y, ZHANG D Y, MU S Y, et al. Removal of petroleum from soil in Qaramay using ultrasound/ultraviolet-Fenton reaction [J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2012, 6(3): 983-988(in Chinese).
[32] KEENAN C R, SEDLAK D L. Ligand-enhanced reactive oxidant generation by nanoparticulate zero-valent iron and oxygen [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42(18): 6936-6941. [33] WANG N, ZHU L H, LEI M, et al. Ligand-induced drastic enhancement of catalytic activity of nano-BiFeO3 for oxidative degradation of bisphenol A [J]. ACS Catalysis, 2011, 1(10): 1193-1202. doi: 10.1021/cs2002862 [34] XUE X F, HANNA K, DESPAS C, et al. Effect of chelating agent on the oxidation rate of PCP in the magnetite/H2O2 system at neutral pH [J]. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:Chemical, 2009, 311(1/2): 29-35. [35] SUN S P, ZENG X, LI C, et al. Enhanced heterogeneous and homogeneous Fenton-like degradation of carbamazepine by nano-Fe3O4/H2O2 with nitrilotriacetic acid [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2014, 244: 44-49. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2014.01.039 [36] LU M, ZHANG Z Z, QIAO W, et al. Removal of residual contaminants in petroleum-contaminated soil by Fenton-like oxidation [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 179(1/2/3): 604-611. [37] 李方敏, 柳红霞, 梅平, 等. 络合剂改进Fenton反应去除土壤中石油污染物的效果 [J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2014, 33(1): 88-94. doi: 10.11654/jaes.2014.01.011 LI F M, LIU H X, MEI P, et al. Enhanced removal of soil petroleum pollutants by modified Fenton reaction with chelating agents [J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2014, 33(1): 88-94(in Chinese). doi: 10.11654/jaes.2014.01.011
[38] 徐金兰, 宋少花, 黄廷林, 等. 柠檬酸改性Fenton氧化石油污染土壤的影响因素研究 [J]. 西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 47(4): 605-608,616. XU J L, SONG S H, HUANG T L, et al. Study on influence factors of citric acid modified Fenton oxidation of petroleum-contaminated soil [J]. Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2015, 47(4): 605-608,616(in Chinese).
[39] 杨玲引, 宜慧, 常波, 等. 柠檬酸改性Fenton氧化技术对陕北石油污染土壤的修复影响研究 [J]. 应用化工, 2017, 46(6): 1118-1121. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-3206.2017.06.022 YANG L Y, YI H, CHANG B, et al. Research on remediation of oil contaminated soil in northern Shaanxi by citric acid modified Fenton technology [J]. Applied Chemical Industry, 2017, 46(6): 1118-1121(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-3206.2017.06.022
[40] CHRISTOFORIDIS K C, LOULOUDI M, DELIGIANNAKIS Y. Effect of humic acid on chemical oxidation of organic pollutants by iron(II) and H2O2: A dual mechanism [J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2015, 3(4): 2991-2996. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2015.02.005 [41] XU J L, LI X M, HUANG T L. Abatement of sorbed crude oil by heterogeneous Fenton process using A contaminated soil pre-impregnated with dissolved Fe(II) and humic acid [J]. Soil and Sediment Contamination:an International Journal, 2017, 26(2): 195-209. doi: 10.1080/15320383.2017.1269721 [42] XU J L, ZHAO M H, WANG R, et al. Efficiently dedicated oxidation of long-chain crude oil in the soil by inactive SOM-Fe [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 375: 121913. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.121913 [43] FAN C, TSUI L, LIAO M C. Parathion degradation and its intermediate formation by Fenton process in neutral environment [J]. Chemosphere, 2011, 82(2): 229-236. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.016 [44] 徐金兰, 雷绒娟, 邓海鑫, 等. Fenton改性对土壤有机物氧化及修复石油污染土壤的影响 [J]. 石油学报(石油加工), 2014, 30(6): 1113-1118. XU J L, LEI R J, DENG H X, et al. Effects of Fenton modifications on oxidation of soil organic matter and remediation of petroleum contaminated soil [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica (Petroleum Processing Section), 2014, 30(6): 1113-1118(in Chinese).
[45] 徐金兰, 刘博雅. 盐酸羟胺促进分级Fenton氧化土壤长链原油的试验研究 [J]. 土壤, 2020, 52(3): 539-544. doi: 10.13758/j.cnki.tr.2020.03.017 XU J L, LIU B Y. Experimental study of hydroxylamine hydrochloride on improving Fenton oxidation of long chain crude oil in soil [J]. Soils, 2020, 52(3): 539-544(in Chinese). doi: 10.13758/j.cnki.tr.2020.03.017
[46] 徐金兰, 郭阳, 刘博雅. H2O2分次投加对Fenton氧化修复石油污染土壤及后续生物降解的影响 [J]. 环境化学, 2019, 38(6): 1266-1273. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2018082005 XU J L, GUO Y, LIU B Y. Impact of stepwise addition of H2O2 on Fenton oxidation and subsequent biodegradation of oil-contaminated soil [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2019, 38(6): 1266-1273(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2018082005
[47] 辛磊. 逐级Fenton化学氧化重度石油污染土壤的实验研究[D]. 西安: 西安建筑科技大学, 2012. XIN L.Graded modified Fenton oxidation of highly oil contaminated soil[D]. Xi'an: Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 2012(in Chinese). [48] WATTS R J, UDELL M D, KONG S, et al. Fenton-like soil remediation catalyzed by naturally occurring iron minerals [J]. Environmental Engineering Science, 1999, 16(1): 93-103. doi: 10.1089/ees.1999.16.93 [49] WATTS R J, BOTTENBERG B C, HESS T F, et al. Role of reductants in the enhanced desorption and transformation of chloroaliphatic compounds by modified fenton's reactions [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1999, 33(19): 3432-3437. [50] 张秋子, 韦云霄, 姜永海, 等. 催化过氧化氢对石油烃污染土壤的氧化能力 [J]. 环境工程技术学报, 2017, 7(1): 65-70. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.01.010 ZHANG Q Z, WEI Y X, JIANG Y H, et al. Oxidizing capacity of catalyzed hydrogen peroxide to petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil [J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology, 2017, 7(1): 65-70(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.01.010
[51] 宜慧, 常波, 杨玲引, 等. 改性Fenton氧化法修复石油污染土壤影响因素分析 [J]. 科技通报, 2018, 34(9): 249-253,258. doi: 10.13774/j.cnki.kjtb.2018.09.051 YI H, CHANG B, YANG L Y, et al. Study on influence factors of petroleum contaminated soil remediated by modified Fenton technology [J]. Bulletin of Science and Technology, 2018, 34(9): 249-253,258(in Chinese). doi: 10.13774/j.cnki.kjtb.2018.09.051
[52] 张碧波, 陈剑, 冉启洋, 等. 柠檬酸改性芬顿对土壤中石油烃的去除效果 [J]. 湖南农业科学, 2019(12): 38-41. ZHANG B B, CHEN J, RAN Q Y, et al. Practical application of citric acid modified Fenton to remove petroleum hydrocarbons from soil [J]. Hunan Agricultural Sciences, 2019(12): 38-41(in Chinese).
[53] 孙燕英. 土壤中石油类污染物的化学氧化净化法研究[D]. 北京: 中国地质大学(北京), 2007.SUN Y Y. Study on degradation of petroleum contaminants in soil by chemicai oxidation technology[D]. Beijing: China University of Geosciences, 2007(in Chinese). [54] 周洋, 邓亚梅, 朱凤晓, 等. 过氧化氢及类芬顿试剂对土壤碳、氮和微生物的影响 [J]. 土壤, 2020, 52(5): 969-977. ZHOU Y, DENG Y M, ZHU F X, et al. Effect of hydrogen peroxide and Fenton-like reagent on soil carban, nitrogen and microorganism [J]. Soils, 2020, 52(5): 969-977(in Chinese).
[55] LIAO X Y, ZHAO D, YAN X L, et al. Identification of persulfate oxidation products of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon during remediation of contaminated soil [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2014, 276: 26-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.018 [56] ANIPSITAKIS G P, DIONYSIOU D D. Radical generation by the interaction of transition metals with common oxidants [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2004, 38(13): 3705-3712. [57] PARDO F, ROSAS J M, SANTOS A, et al. Remediation of a biodiesel blend-contaminated soil with activated persulfate by different sources of iron [J]. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2015, 226(2): 1-12. [58] 曾琪静, 丁丽, 文方, 等. 优化过硫酸盐体系处理石油类污染土壤 [J]. 环境工程, 2019, 37(2): 170-174. doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201902032 ZENG Q J, DING L, WEN F, et al. Treatment of petroleum-contaminated soil by optimized persulfate system [J]. Environmental Engineering, 2019, 37(2): 170-174(in Chinese). doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.201902032
[59] 吴昊, 孙丽娜, 李玉双, 等. 活化过硫酸钠去除长期污染土壤中的TPH [J]. 环境工程学报, 2016, 10(9): 5231-5237. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201504043 WU H, SUN L N, LI Y S, et al. Application of persulfate to remediatiate long-term TPH contaminated soils [J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2016, 10(9): 5231-5237(in Chinese). doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201504043
[60] KILLIAN P F, BRUELL C J, LIANG C J, et al. Iron (II) activated persulfate oxidation of MGP contaminated soil [J]. Soil and Sediment Contamination:an International Journal, 2007, 16(6): 523-537. doi: 10.1080/15320380701623206 [61] YEN C H, CHEN K F, KAO C M, et al. Application of persulfate to remediate petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil: Feasibility and comparison with common oxidants [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 186(2/3): 2097-2102. [62] KAKOSOVÁ E, HRABÁK P, ČERNÍK M, et al. Effect of various chemical oxidation agents on soil microbial communities [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 314: 257-265. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2016.12.065 [63] SATAPANAJARU T, CHOKEJAROENRAT C, SAKULTHAEW C, et al. Remediation and restoration of petroleum hydrocarbon containing alcohol-contaminated soil by persulfate oxidation activated with soil minerals [J]. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2017, 228(9): 1-15. [64] LI Y T, LI D, LAI L J, et al. Remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil by using activated persulfate with ultrasound and ultrasound/Fe [J]. Chemosphere, 2020, 238: 124657. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124657 [65] BAJAGAIN R, JEONG S W. Degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil via advanced oxidation process using peroxymonosulfate activated by nanoscale zero-valent iron [J]. Chemosphere, 2021, 270: 128627. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128627 [66] CRIMI M L, TAYLOR J. Experimental evaluation of catalyzed hydrogen peroxide and sodium persulfate for destruction of BTEX contaminants [J]. Soil and Sediment Contamination:an International Journal, 2007, 16(1): 29-45. doi: 10.1080/15320380601077792 [67] CHEVALIER L, MCCANN C D. Feasibility of calcium peroxide as an oxygen releasing compound in treatment walls [J]. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 2008, 2(3): 245. doi: 10.1504/IJEWM.2008.018246 [68] NORTHUP A, CASSIDY D. Calcium peroxide (CaO2) for use in modified Fenton chemistry [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 152(3): 1164-1170. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.096 [69] 吴昊, 孙丽娜, 王辉, 等. CaO2/Fe2+活化过硫酸钠对石油类污染土壤的修复效果 [J]. 环境化学, 2016, 35(4): 623-628. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2016.04.2015110101 WU H, SUN L N, WANG H, et al. Remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils by CaO2/Fe2+ activatal persulfate [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2016, 35(4): 623-628(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2016.04.2015110101
[70] 周颖, 谢海燕, 赵晨曦, 等. 活化过硫酸盐处置石油污染土壤技术研究 [J]. 新疆环境保护, 2016, 38(2): 12-17. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-2301.2016.02.003 ZHOU Y, XIE H Y, ZHAO C X, et al. Study on the technology of petroleum contaminated soil treatment with activated sulfate [J]. Environmental Protection of Xinjiang, 2016, 38(2): 12-17(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-2301.2016.02.003
[71] 李永涛, 罗进, 岳东. 热活化过硫酸盐氧化修复柴油污染土壤 [J]. 环境污染与防治, 2017, 39(10): 1143-1146. doi: 10.15985/j.cnki.1001-3865.2017.10.021 LI Y T, LUO J, YUE D. Thermo activated persulfate oxidation for remediation of diesel oil contaminated soil [J]. Environmental Pollution & Control, 2017, 39(10): 1143-1146(in Chinese). doi: 10.15985/j.cnki.1001-3865.2017.10.021
[72] ZHAO D, LIAO X Y, YAN X L, et al. Effect and mechanism of persulfate activated by different methods for PAHs removal in soil [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013, 254/255: 228-235. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.03.056 [73] XIE X F, ZHANG Y Q, HUANG W L, et al. Degradation kinetics and mechanism of aniline by heat-assisted persulfate oxidation [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2012, 24(5): 821-826. doi: 10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60844-9 [74] 冯凯. 活化过硫酸钠高级氧化环境修复技术综述 [J]. 环境科技, 2017, 30(5): 75-78. FENG K. A review on activated sodium persulfate oxidation technology [J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2017, 30(5): 75-78(in Chinese).
[75] FURMAN O S, TEEL A L, WATTS R J. Mechanism of base activation of persulfate [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(16): 6423-6428. [76] 吴昊, 孙丽娜, 王辉, 等. 活化过硫酸钠原位修复石油类污染土壤研究进展 [J]. 环境化学, 2015, 34(11): 2085-2095. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2015.11.2015052601 WU H, SUN L N, WANG H, et al. Persulfate In-situ remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2015, 34(11): 2085-2095(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2015.11.2015052601
[77] 邓强. 过硫酸盐高级氧化技术修复土壤原油污染研究 [J]. 河北地质大学学报, 2020, 43(3): 51-56. DENG Q. Study on repairing soil crude oil pollution by persulfate advanced oxidation technology [J]. Journal of Hebei GEO University, 2020, 43(3): 51-56(in Chinese).
[78] ZHANG B W, GUO Y, HUO J Y, et al. Combining chemical oxidation and bioremediation for petroleum polluted soil remediation by BC-nZVI activated persulfate [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 382: 123055. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123055 [79] LOMINCHAR M A, SANTOS A, de MIGUEL E, et al. Remediation of aged diesel contaminated soil by alkaline activated persulfate [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 622/623: 41-48. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.263 [80] JONSSON S, PERSSON Y, FRANKKI S, et al. Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soils by Fenton's reagent: A multivariate evaluation of the importance of soil characteristics and PAH properties [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007, 149(1): 86-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.03.057 [81] 吴非, 陈谷汎, 林伟翰, 等. 包覆型纳米零价铁活化过硫酸处理柴油污染土壤 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2016, 36(7): 2589-2595. WU F, CHEN G F, LIN W H, et al. Remediation of diesel-contaminated soil using coated nano zero valent iron/sodium peroxydisulfate system [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2016, 36(7): 2589-2595(in Chinese).
[82] WU H, SUN L N, WANG H, et al. Persulfate oxidation for the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils [J]. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 2016, 25(2): 851-857. doi: 10.15244/pjoes/60857 [83] DO S H, KWON Y J, KONG S H. Effect of metal oxides on the reactivity of persulfate/Fe(Ⅱ) in the remediation of diesel-contaminated soil and sand [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 182(1/2/3): 933-936. [84] HUANG K C, COUTTENYE R A, HOAG G E. Kinetics of heat-assisted persulfate oxidation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) [J]. Chemosphere, 2002, 49(4): 413-420. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00330-2 [85] LIANG C J, CHIEN Y C, LIN Y L. Impacts of ISCO persulfate, peroxide and permanganate oxidants on soils: Soil oxidant demand and soil properties [J]. Soil and Sediment Contamination:an International Journal, 2012, 21(6): 701-719. doi: 10.1080/15320383.2012.691129 [86] 李丽, 张兴, 王亚军, 等. 过硫酸钠对黄土高原石油类污染土壤的处理 [J]. 环境科学与技术, 2020, 43(12): 159-165. LI L, ZHANG X, WANG Y J, et al. Treatment of petroleum hydrocarbons in loess by sodium persulfate [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2020, 43(12): 159-165(in Chinese).
[87] JANS U, HOIGNÉ J. Atmospheric water: Transformation of ozone into OH-radicals by sensitized photoreactions or black carbon [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2000, 34(7): 1069-1085. doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00361-1 [88] VOLOSHIN A I, SHARIPOV G L, KAZKOV V P, et al. Generation of singlet oxygen from the adsorption and decomposition of ozone on silica gel [J]. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of Chemical Science, 1986, 35(11): 2397-2399. doi: 10.1007/BF00953370 [89] GORDON G, BUBNIS B. Ozone and chlorine dioxide: Similar chemistry and measurement issues [J]. Ozone:Science & Engineering, 1999, 21(5): 447-464. [90] YU D Y, KANG N, BAE W, et al. Characteristics in oxidative degradation by ozone for saturated hydrocarbons in soil contaminated with diesel fuel [J]. Chemosphere, 2007, 66(5): 799-807. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.053 [91] KIM J, CHOI H. Modeling in situ ozonation for the remediation of nonvolatile PAH-contaminated unsaturated soils [J]. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2002, 55(3/4): 261-285. [92] RIVAS J, GIMENO O, de la CALLE R G, et al. Ozone treatment of PAH contaminated soils: Operating variables effect [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 169(1/2/3): 509-515. [93] PIERPOINT A C, HAPEMAN C J, TORRENTS A. Ozone treatment of soil contaminated with aniline and trifluralin [J]. Chemosphere, 2003, 50(8): 1025-1034. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00635-5 [94] CHENG M, ZENG G M, HUANG D L, et al. Hydroxyl radicals based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for remediation of soils contaminated with organic compounds: A review [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 284: 582-598. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.09.001 [95] LUSTER-TEASLEY S, UBAKA-BLACKMOORE N, MASTEN S J. Evaluation of soil pH and moisture content on in situ ozonation of Pyrene in soils [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 167(1/2/3): 701-706. [96] LEE B T, KIM K W. Ozonation of diesel fuel in unsaturated porous media [J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2002, 17(8): 1165-1170. doi: 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00011-2 [97] YAN Y E, SCHWARTZ F W. Oxidative degradation and kinetics of chlorinated ethylenes by potassium permanganate [J]. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 1999, 37(3/4): 343-365. [98] 纪录, 张晖. 原位化学氧化法在土壤和地下水修复中的研究进展 [J]. 环境污染治理技术与设备, 2003(6): 37-42. JI L, ZHANG H. The progress in soil and groundwater remediation by in situ chemical oxidation [J]. Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control, 2003(6): 37-42(in Chinese).
[99] SIEGRIST R L, CRIMI M, SIMPKIN T J. In Situ Chemical Oxidation for Groundwater Remediation[M]. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. [100] OLA S A, FADUGBA O G, OJURI O O. Comparison of effectiveness of two remediating agents on hydrocarbon contaminated soil/groundwater in the laboratory [J]. Environment and Natural Resources Research, 2014, 5(1): 5539. [101] YOO J C, LEE C, LEE J S, et al. Simultaneous application of chemical oxidation and extraction processes is effective at remediating soil Co-contaminated with petroleum and heavy metals [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2017, 186: 314-319. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.03.016 [102] GATES D D, SIEGRIST R L, CLINE S R. Chemical oxidation of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in soil[J]. Office of entific & Technical Information Technical Reports, 1995. [103] NADUPALLI S, KOORBANALLY N, JONNALAGADDA S B. Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of amaranth with hypochlorite [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A, 2011, 115(27): 7948-7954. doi: 10.1021/jp202812f [104] PICARD F, CHAOUKI J. Sodium hypochlorite oxidation of petroleum aliphatic contaminants in calcareous soils [J]. Chemosphere, 2016, 145: 200-206. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.040 [105] GEORGI A, REICHL A, TROMMLER U, et al. Influence of sorption to dissolved humic substances on transformation reactions of hydrophobic organic compounds in water. I. chlorination of PAHs [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2007, 41(20): 7003-7009. [106] PICARD F, CHAOUKI J. NaClO/NaOH soil oxidation for the remediation of two real heavy-metal and petroleum contaminated soils [J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2017, 5(3): 2691-2698. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2017.05.005 [107] 黄凤莲, 邹璇, 陈灿, 等. 亚铁活化次氯酸钠降解土壤中阿特拉津 [J]. 环境工程, 2021, 39(2): 160-165,172. HUANG F L, ZOU X, CHEN C, et al. Degradation of atrazine by ferrous activated sodium hypochlorite [J]. Environmental Engineering, 2021, 39(2): 160-165,172(in Chinese).
[108] LU S G, ZHANG X, XUE Y F. Application of calcium peroxide in water and soil treatment: A review [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2017, 337: 163-177. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.064 [109] WATTS R J, FOGET M K, KONG S H, et al. Hydrogen peroxide decomposition in model subsurface systems [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 1999, 69(2): 229-243. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3894(99)00114-4 [110] NDJOU’OU A C, CASSIDY D. Surfactant production accompanying the modified Fenton oxidation of hydrocarbons in soil [J]. Chemosphere, 2006, 65(9): 1610-1615. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.036 [111] 李振宇, 刘亚男, 王铮, 等. CaO2及H2O2类Fenton降解土壤石油烃污染 [J]. 环境工程学报, 2020, 14(3): 780-788. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201909063 LI Z Y, LIU Y N, WANG Z, et al. Degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons pollution in soil by CaO2/H2O2-Fenton-like system [J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2020, 14(3): 780-788(in Chinese). doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201909063
[112] BAJAGAIN R, GAUTAM P, JEONG S W. Degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in unsaturated soil and effects on subsequent biodegradation by potassium permanganate [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2020, 42(6): 1705-1714. doi: 10.1007/s10653-019-00346-y