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由于磷肥的施用以及含磷废水的无组织排放,湖泊等缓流水体中磷素的浓度超过水体自净能力,造成藻类和浮游生物大量繁殖,水体溶解氧量下降,水质恶化,最终导致鱼类及其他生物大量死亡. 水体中磷素主要以正磷酸盐(H2PO4–、HPO42–和PO43–)的形态存在,水体中磷酸盐去除方法包括:化学沉淀法、生物修复法和吸附法,其中吸附法由于修复周期短、操作简单、成本低廉等优势广泛应用于磷酸盐的去除中[1].
层状双氢氧化物(layered double hydroxides, LDHs)是一类由带正电荷的金属类水镁石层和层间填充带负电荷的阴离子所构成的层状化合物[2]. LDHs典型通式为[M12+(1-x)M23+x(OH)2]x+[An–]x/n·mH2O,其中M12+和M23+分别代表具有正二价和正三价的阳离子,An–是层间可交换的阴离子,x通常在0.13—0.33之间[3](图1). LDHs不仅具有生物相容性好、低毒等特点,还具有制备简单、成本低和便于保存的优势.通过调控二价、三价金属离子的组合以及物质的量比,可以制备出各种各样具有独特理化性质的LDHs[4-5]. LDHs是一种优良的磷酸盐吸附剂,其层间的阴离子可交换性较强,板层上存在着大量羟基,并且在大部分pH范围内,LDHs表面带呈正电性,能通过静电作用吸附磷酸盐. 但是,LDHs通常呈紧密层堆积,易形成致密颗粒或块,导致其在实际应用中水力传导率较低,暴露的活性位点有限,吸附性能显著降低[6]. 通过分散剂,如生物炭、黏土矿物等能够有效分散LDHs,强化其吸附性能[7-8].
生物炭是生物质原料在无氧或限氧的气氛条件下,经热化学转化产生的一种含碳量丰富、物化性质稳定的高度芳香化有机物[11]. 根据热化学转化方式的不同,生物炭可分为水热炭和、热解炭和气化炭,其热转化温度分别为350—550 K、650—1100 K和900—1500 K[12]. 如图1(b)所示,生物炭比表面积大,孔隙结构和表面官能团丰富,是一种理想的LDHs载体,能够显著增强其分散性和稳定性,提高其比表面积和表面活性,从而增强其对磷酸盐的吸附能力[13]. 生物炭来源广泛且容易制备,能有效实现农牧业废弃物的资源化利用. 同时生物炭作为一种被广泛应用的环境修复剂,兼具养分保留和固碳能力[14-16],能有效推动我国早日实现碳达峰和碳中和目标.
近年来,层状双氢氧化物负载生物炭(layered double hydroxides functionalized biochar, LDHs@BC)在水体磷酸盐去除的研究和应用逐渐增多[17-19]. 基于文献调研,本文系统地介绍了LDHs@BC的制备方法和理化性质,详细讨论了LDHs@BC对磷酸盐的吸附性能和机制,分析了LDHs@BC的应用优势,展望了LDHs@BC的应用前景,以期推动LDHs@BC进一步的推广和应用.
层状双氢氧化物负载生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附性能研究进展
The adsorption performance of layered double hydroxides functionalized biochar on phosphate: Research advances
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摘要: 层状双氢氧化物负载生物炭(layered double hydroxides functionalized biochar, LDHs@BC)对水体中磷酸盐具有优异的吸附性能,近年来受到了广泛关注.本文详细介绍了LDHs@BC的制备方法以及制备条件对其理化性质的影响,探讨了LDHs@BC对水体中磷酸盐的吸附性能及机制,并且阐述了生物炭和层状双氢氧化物对磷酸盐吸附的协同作用及其机制,以期通过优化制备工艺参数定向调控LDHs@BC性能,显著提升LDHs@BC对磷酸盐的吸附效率.本文展望了LDHs@BC的应用前景,以期进一步推动LDHs@BC在水体修复中的应用和推广.Abstract: Layered double hydroxides functionalized biochar (LDHs@BC) has drawn wide attention for its good adsorption performance on phosphate in the aqueous system. This paper introduces the synthesis methods of LDHs@BC and summarizes the impacts of different methods on the physicochemical properties and phosphate adsorption performance. The mechanism of using LDHs@BC adsorb phosphate in the aqueous system was discussed. The synergistic mechanism of biochar and layered double hydroxides for phosphate adsorption were elucidated. The synthesis parameters could be optimized to regulate the performance of LDHs@BC, which the adsorption efficiency could be significantly enhanced. Lastly, perspectives were provided to further promote the potential application of LDHs@BC on water remediation.
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表 1 LDHs@BC组成、制备方法及磷酸盐吸附性能的比较
Table 1. Comparison of different composition, synthesis methods, and adsorption performance of LDHs@BC on phosphate removal
生物质原料
BiomassLDHs种类
LDHs typeLDHs金属
物质的量比
LDHs molar ratio制备方法
Synthesis method制备条件
Synthesis condition动力学
Kinetics饱和吸附容量a/
(mg∙g–1)
Maximum adsorption
capacitya参考文献
Reference棉花 Mg/Al 3:1 共沉淀法 老化温度:80 ℃ 老化时间:3 d Ps2 410 [20] 甘蔗叶 Mg/Al 2:1/3:1/4:1 共沉淀法 老化温度:80 ℃ 老化时间:3 d Ps2 165.5/223.5
/253.7[37] 竹 Mg/Al 3:1 共沉淀法 老化温度:80 ℃ 老化时间:3 d Ps2 172 [8] 松果 Mg/Fe 3:1 共沉淀法 老化温度:70 ℃ 老化时间:24 h Ps2 54.3 [36] 椰枣废叶 Mg/Al 3:1 共沉淀法 老化温度:90 ℃ 老化时间:24 h Ps1 178 [18] 水稻秸秆 Mg/Al 3:1 共沉淀法 老化温度:80 ℃ 老化时间:3 d Ps2 192 [10] 小麦秸秆 Mg/Al 1:1 共沉淀法 老化温度:85 ℃ 老化时间:2 d Ps2 153 [43] 玉米秸秆、杏仁壳、牛粪 Fe/Al 1:1 共沉淀法 老化温度:60 ℃ 老化时间:12 h Ps2 215/180/208 [19] 白菜、油菜 Mg/Al 2:1 共热解法 老化温度:60 ℃ 老化时间:6 h
热解温度:500 ℃;2 hPs2 127/133 [31] 玉米秸秆 Zn/Al Mg/Al Ni/Fe 2:1 共热解法 老化温度:室温 老化时间:18 h
热解温度:600 ℃E 64.9/152/78.3 [39] 稻壳 Mg/Al 2:1 共热解法 老化温度:80 ℃ 老化时间:3 d Ps2 64.0 [30] 碳纤维(剑麻) Cu/Al 2:1 水热法 水热温度:110 ℃ 水热时间:12 h Ps2 98.0 [41] 烟梗 Mg/Al 3:1 先负载再水热 水热温度:180 ℃ Ps2 127.6 [44] 香蕉秸秆 Zn/Al 15:1 水热负载后共热解 水热温度:110 ℃ 4 h;60℃ 8 h热解温度:500 ℃ Ps2 185 [23] 柠条 Mg/Al
—电化学法 老化温度:80 ℃ 老化时间:3 d Ps2 253 [45] 注: Ps1: Pseudo-first order, Ps2: Pseudo-second order, E: Elovich., 饱和吸附容量(Maximum adsorption capacity)a:Langmuir最大饱和吸附容量(Maximum adsorption capacity estimated by Langmuir equation). -
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