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细颗粒物是一种重要的大气污染物,它对于空气质量,人体健康,大气能见度和气候变化有着极其重要的影响[1-4]. 中国正在遭受着严重的PM2.5(空气动力学中当量直径<2.5 μm)污染的影响,特别是我国北方一些典型的重工业城市. 因此,PM2.5在最近的研究中受到了学者们广泛的关注. PM1(空气动力学中当量直径<1 μm)作为一种比PM2.5还小的颗粒物,它在影响气候变化,能见度下降以及人类身体健康方面产生了更为显著的作用. 然而,与PM2.5相比,PM1受到的关注却少之又少. 因此,研究PM1的化学组分和来源,对于进一步总结其对环境、健康和气候的影响,有效缓解PM1和PM2.5污染是十分必要的. 目前,部分学者基于在线监测的手段,对北京市PM1的污染特征进行了研究. 例如,Sun等[5]通过测量北京市的NR-PM1(非难熔微米气溶胶),总结出NR-PM1的日变化规律. Wang等[6]通过采集北京市10—12月的NR-PM1样品,利用气溶胶化学组分监测进行实时监测,说明了铵盐对颗粒物消减做出极大的贡献. 但是国内外的学者们目前主要关注点仍然集中在PM2.5的相应的研究上,且该类研究多集中在各国首都,省会城市,对于中小型城市,尤其是在我国饱受大气污染的华北平原的重工业城市的关注力度不足.
目前,绝大多数学者都选择受体模型判别细颗粒物的来源与贡献,主要包括PMF源解析法,主成分分析法(PCA)和化学质量平衡模型(CMB). 如赵清等[7]通过PMF源解析法,解析出运城市灰霾暴发主要是受到二次相关源、燃煤源、交通源与生物质燃烧及二次有机物共同作用的影响;任秀龙等[8]根据PCA模型源解析结果说明了邯郸市PM1和PM2.5主要的来源是二次源、工业源、机动车源和生物质燃烧源;Skiles等[9]利用CMB模型解析出美国加利福尼亚州圣华金河谷的PM2.5的有机碳主要来自移动源、生物质燃烧、二次有机碳、植物碎屑和油烟.
邯郸市作为我国华北平原的典型重工业城市之一,位于京津冀“2+26”大气污染传输通道之中,复杂的地理条件和人为活动的影响使得该地区成为全国大气污染严重城市之一[10]. 目前,对于邯郸市大气颗粒物污染的研究主要集中在PM2.5上,例如,薛凡利等[11]研究了2017年邯郸市PM2.5中碳组分的污染特征并对其来源进行了分析. 关攀博等[12]分析了邯郸市PM2.5中组分浓度的变化特征. 刘召策等[13]对邯郸市PM2.5中主要的化学组分及其光学特性进行了分析. 但是对于邯郸市PM1相关方面的研究少之又少. 为了得到邯郸市微米细气溶胶粒子的来源、形成和贡献,为邯郸市大气污染治理方针政策的制定提供科学依据,本文在对邯郸市2018年冬季PM2.5和PM1同时观察的基础上,研究邯郸市重污染期间PM2.5和PM1的化学组分特征及其驱动因素.
本文以华北平原典型重工业城市邯郸市为研究对象,利用后向轨迹聚类分析法、PMF以及PSCF 法,分析邯郸市细颗粒物质量浓度的变化规律,化学组分特征及来源,探究影响邯郸市细颗粒物的主要输送路径和潜在源区,为有效控制邯郸市大气污染和开展区域联防治理提供科学的理论指导.
邯郸市微米细气溶胶粒子来源解析及其对重污染的贡献
Source analysis of micron fine aerosol particles and their contribution to heavy pollution in Handan City
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摘要: 灰霾污染在我国具有规模大、持续时间长、发生频率高的特点,其负面影响主要与不同粒径颗粒物的含量、组成和分布有关,因此受到越来越多的关注. 微米气溶胶粒子(PM1)因为具有更大的比表面积,所以在化学成分、大气寿命、生态气候和健康影响方面表现出与其他颗粒物相异的特征,因此受到了广大学者的关注. 邯郸作为典型的大气气溶胶重污染城市,研究其微米气溶胶粒子的来源、形成和贡献对加深认识理解大气污染及城市空气质量治理方针政策的制定都能提供科学依据. 本文基于 2019 年1月邯郸市PM2.5和PM1离子浓度数据,通过正定矩阵因子模型(PMF)源解析方法对其进行来源分析,并结合后向轨迹聚类分析法和潜在来源贡献函数法(PSCF)研究邯郸市大气颗粒物的输送路径及潜在源. 结果表明,研究期间PM1和PM2.5的平均质量浓度分别达到94.94 μg·m-3和164.50 μg·m−3,其中PM1/PM2.5的比值范围为45.20%—79.81%. 相较于PM2.5,二次无机气溶胶(SO42−、NO3−和NH4+)在PM1中的占比(43.88%)更高;PM1中占比更高的二次无机气溶胶和典型无机元素表明人为因素所排放的污染物在较小粒径的颗粒物中更易积累. PMF分析确定了PM1和PM2.5的6个来源. 它们分别是二次污染物、交通源、工业源、生物质燃烧、扬尘源和燃煤源;其在PM1中的贡献率分别为36.1%、7.9%、20.8%、6.8%、4.7%和23.8%;其在PM2.5中的贡献率分别为32.7%、11.8%、16.0%、13.7%、5.0%和20.8%. 后向轨迹和化学组分分析结果表明冬季生物质燃烧和施肥对PM1的潜在贡献. 潜在源分析表明邯郸市冬季重污染过程的产生是由西北部长—短气流传输共同作用的结果.Abstract: Haze pollution in China has the characteristics of large scale, long duration and high frequency, and its negative effects are mainly related to the content, composition and distribution of particles with different particle sizes, so it has attracted more and more attention. Micron aerosol particles (PM1) have attracted the attention of many scholars because they are different from other particles in terms of chemical composition, atmospheric life, ecological climate and health effects due to their larger specific surface area. Handan is a typical city with heavy atmospheric aerosol pollution. The study on the source, formation and contribution of micron aerosol particles can provide scientific basis for the further understanding of air pollution and the formulation of urban air quality control policies. Based on the ion concentration data of PM2.5 and PM1 in Handan city in January 2019, positive matrix factorization (PMF), backward trajectories and a potential source contribution function (PSCF) model were used to identify the source categories and source areas of PM1 and PM2.5. The results showed that the average mass concentration of PM1 and PM2.5 reached 94.94 μg·m−3 and 164.50 μg·m−3, respectively, and the ratio of PM1/PM2.5 ranged from 45.20% to 79.81%. Compared with PM2.5, secondary inorganic aerosols (SO42−, NO3− and NH4+) accounted for a higher proportion (43.88%) in PM1. The higher proportion of secondary inorganic aerosols and typical inorganic elements in PM1 indicated that the pollutants emitted by human factors are easier to accumulate in the particles with smaller particle size. PMF analysis identified six sources of PM1 and PM2.5. They were secondary pollutants, vehicle, industrial, biomass burning, dust and coal combustion, accounting for 36.1%,7.9%,20.8%,6.8%,4.7% and 23.8% of PM1, respectively, and for 32.7%,11.8%,16.0%,13.7%,5.0% and 20.8% of PM2.5, respectively. The backward trajectory and chemical composition analysis indicated the potential contribution of biomass combustion and fertilization to PM1 in winter. The potential source analysis showed that the heavy pollution process in Handan city in winter was the result of the long and short air transport in northwest China.
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Key words:
- micron particulate matter /
- chemical composition /
- PMF /
- PSCF /
- Handan.
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表 1 研究期间PM1和PM2.5化学组分平均质量浓度及占比
Table 1. The mean mass concentration and proportion of chemical components of PM1 and PM2.5 during the study period
PM1 PM2.5 PM1中占比/%
PM1 in proportionPM2.5中占比/%
PM2.5 in proportionPM/(μg·m−3) 94.94 164.50 100.00 100.00 NO3−/(μg·m−3) 19.90 29.92 20.96 18.19 SO42−/(μg·m−3) 10.36 20.48 10.91 12.45 NH4+/(μg·m−3) 11.40 19.61 12.01 11.92 Na+/(μg·m−3) 0.14 0.50 0.15 0.30 K+/(μg·m−3) 1.48 1.86 1.56 1.13 Cl−/(μg·m−3) 5.70 6.11 6.00 3.71 Zn/(μg·m−3) 0.26 0.43 0.27 0.26 Mg/(μg·m−3) 0.18 0.22 0.19 0.13 Fe/(μg·m−3) 0.30 0.89 0.32 0.54 Pb/(μg·m−3) 0.03 0.12 0.03 0.07 Ba/(μg·m−3) 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.04 K/(μg·m−3) 1.25 1.62 1.32 0.98 Mn/(ng·m−3) 74.58 74.78 0.08 0.05 Cr/(ng·m−3) 27.57 29.13 0.03 0.02 Cu/(ng·m−3) 16.09 24.96 0.02 0.02 Ni/(ng·m−3) 12.96 32.61 0.01 0.02 表 2 两次重污染期间PM1化学组分质量浓度(μg·m−3)
Table 2. PM1 and species concentrations during 2 heavy pollution events(μg·m−3)
PM1 NO3− SO42− NH4+ K+ Mn Zn Cu Mg Ba S1 103.11 25.87 9.69 13.44 1.82 0.12 0.11 0.02 0.90 0.05 S2 124.77 28.30 17.92 16.40 1.75 0.07 0.35 0.02 0.18 0.06 表 3 重污染过程PM2.5后向轨迹聚类分析
Table 3. Clustering analysis of PM2.5 backward trajectory in heavy pollution process
S1中占比/%
S1 in proportionS2中占比/%
S2 in proportionS1路径
S1 pathS2路径
S2 path聚类1 37.50 55.00 河南北部—邯郸 山西中部—邯郸 聚类2 12.50 15.83 蒙古中部—内蒙古北部—河北北部—北京中部—天津中部—山东西部—邯郸 内蒙古西南部—陕西北部—山西中部—邯郸 聚类3 22.92 5.00 蒙古中部—内蒙古中部—河北北部—北京中部—天津西部—邯郸 俄罗斯西南部—蒙古中部—内蒙古中部—山西北部—邯郸 聚类4 14.58 13.33 石家庄—衡水—邯郸 内蒙古西北部—陕西北部—山西中部—邯郸 聚类5 12.50 10.83 蒙古中部—内蒙古北部—河北北部—北京东部—天津中部—山东西部—邯郸 蒙古中部—内蒙古中部—山西北部—邯郸 注:1月7—8日(S1),1月10—14日(S2). 表 4 重污染过程PM2.5的加权潜在源贡献函数
Table 4. Weighted potential source contribution function of PM2.5 in heavy pollution process
(WPSCF > 0.6) (0.3 < WPSCF < 0.6) S1 河南北部,河北东南部,邯郸市 北京,天津,河北东部,山东西北部 S2 河北中部,山西北部,邯郸市 蒙古中部,内蒙古中部,山西北部,河南北部,山东西部 注:1月7—8日(S1),1月10—14日(S2). -
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