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有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticide,OCPs)是一类由人工合成的杀虫广谱的化学杀虫剂,对生物体具有较大的毒害作用[1]. 《斯德哥尔摩公约》已禁止和限制使用OCPs,但因其具有理化性质稳定、残效期长、半挥发性等特点,并随着食物链传递放大,在环境各介质中被广泛检出,给生态环境和人类健康带来不可逆转的危害[2-3]. 太平洋是世界上最大的洋,以赤道为界分南、北太平洋. 主要渔场有西北太平洋渔场和东南太平洋渔场,渔获量占世界总量的一半,给人类提供大量的渔业资源. 然而,渔场周边国家以及污染物长距离迁移给海洋带来了污染. 太平洋已被称作“世界上最大的垃圾场”,给渔业资源带来隐藏的风险. 鱿鱼是一年生头足类软体动物,在南北太平洋均有广泛分布,可以作为指示生物表征南北半球环境现状[4]. 同时,鱿鱼富含蛋白质和人体所需的氨基酸,营养价值极高. 全球每年头足类捕捞量360万吨左右,其中约70%是鱿鱼. 太平洋海域鱿鱼资源最为丰富,约占全球海域四分之三. 鱿鱼深受广大人民群众喜爱. 摄食是人体暴露于污染物的主要途径. 人类摄入OCPs污染的鱿鱼将可能带来健康风险.
本文采集北太平洋和南太平洋两大典型鱿钓渔场鱿鱼样品,测定20种OCPs的含量,通过研究两地鱿鱼中OCPs的污染特征,揭示南北半球鱿鱼生活区域OCPs污染差异性及来源,同时揭示鱿鱼消费对沿岸居民带来的健康风险,以期为揭示南北半球污染和太平洋OCPs的风险防控及环境健康维持提供科学支撑.
太平洋两大典型鱿钓渔场鱿鱼有机氯农药赋存及健康风险评估
Organochlorine pesticides in squids from the two typical squid fisheries in Pacific Ocean: Occurrence and health risks
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摘要: 有机氯农药(OCPs)已禁用多年,但仍在环境中广泛检出. 太平洋是污染物重要的汇. 南北半球发展水平、地理环境等因素差异较大,将导致南北太平洋污染水平显著差异. 鱿鱼具有分布广泛、易富集、指示性强、经济价值高等特点. 因此,对采集的北太平洋和南太平洋两大典型鱿钓渔场鱿鱼OCPs进行了分析,以指示南北半球鱿鱼生活区域该类污染物的特征,并评估沿岸居民通过摄食两区域鱿鱼带来的健康风险. 研究结果表明,北太平洋鱿钓渔场鱿鱼中OCPs赋存水平及检出种类明显高于南太平洋鱿钓渔场鱿鱼,但低于其他海域头足类的浓度. OCPs在组织间表现出明显差异,消化腺中OCPs检出浓度和种类均高于胃和肌肉. 滴滴涕(DDTs)是北太平洋鱿钓渔场鱿鱼中的主要化合物. 艾氏剂 (Alldrin)、α-氯丹(α-Chlordane)和p,p’-滴滴伊(p,p’-DDE)是南太平洋鱿钓渔场鱿鱼中主要化合物. 鱿鱼体内六六六(HCHs)主要以β-HCH形式存在. 相关性分析、DDTs和HCHs组成特征均表明目前没有新的工业品来源. 北太平洋鱿钓渔场可能有少量农用林丹输入. 健康风险评价表明,摄食两个区域采集的鱿鱼肌肉样品均不会造成接触风险和致癌风险.Abstract: Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been phased out for decades but they are still widely detected in the environment. The Pacific Ocean is the important sinks for the pollutants. The development level, geographical features and other factors of the northern and southern hemispheres are quite different, which will lead to significant differences in OCP occurrence between the North and South Pacific. Squid has the characteristics of wide distribution, easy enrichment, strong indication and high economic values. In this study, squids collected from typical squid fishing grounds in the North Pacific and South Pacific were analyzed to determine concentrations, composition and possible sources. Besides, the health risk of OCPs in squid samples was investigated through ingestion of squid. The results showed that both the detected congeners and concentrations of OCPs in the squid from the North Pacific were significantly higher than those in the South one. OCPs showed significant differences among tissues, and the detected concentrations in the digestive gland were higher than those in the stomach and muscle. DDTs were the main compounds in the squid from North Pacific squid fishing grounds. Aldrin, α-Chlordane and p,p'-DDE were the main compounds in the squid of South Pacific. HCHs in the squid mainly existed in the form of β-HCH. There was no new source of industrial products for DDTs and HCHs, but a small amount input of lindane in the North Pacific squid fishing grounds. The health risk assessment indicated that ingestion of the squid muscle samples collected from both the two regions poses no carcinogenic risk to human being.
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Key words:
- Pacific Ocean /
- squid /
- organochlorine pesticides /
- occurrence /
- health risks assessment.
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化合物
CompoundsCSF/(kg·d·mg−1) RfD/ [mg·(kg·d)−1] α-HCH 6.3 0.0008 β-HCH 1.8 0.00005 γ-HCH 1.3 0.0003 DDTs 0.34 0.0005 环氧七氯 9.1 0.000013 艾氏剂 17 0.00003 狄氏剂 16 0.00005 硫丹 NA 0.006 γ-Chlordane/α-Chlordane 0.35 0.0005 表 2 太平洋鱿钓渔场鱿鱼组织中OCPs检出率(%)
Table 2. Detection frequency of OCPs in squid tissues from the squid fisheries in Pacific Ocean (%)
化合物
Compounds北太平洋鱿钓渔场
North Pacific Ocean squid fisheries南太平洋鱿钓渔场
South Pacific Ocean squid fisheries肌肉
Muscle胃
Stomach消化腺
Digestive gland肌肉
Muscle胃
Stomach消化腺
Digestive glandα-HCH 33.33 77.78 88.89 nd nd nd β-HCH 100.00 100.00 100.00 nd nd nd γ-HCH 55.56 88.89 77.78 nd nd nd δ-HCH nd nd nd nd nd nd Heptachlor 33.33 33.33 33.33 nd nd nd Aldrin 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 66.67 Heptachlor epoxide 77.78 100.00 100.00 nd 16.67 nd γ-Chlordane 100.00 100.00 100.00 16.67 33.33 33.33 Endosulfan Ⅰ 55.56 88.89 100.00 nd 16.67 nd α-Chlordane 100.00 100.00 100.00 6.25 83.33 83.33 p,p'-DDE 100.00 100.00 100.00 33.33 50.00 50.00 Dielerin 11.11 100.00 88.89 nd 16.67 nd Endrin nd nd nd nd nd nd Endosulfan Ⅱ nd nd nd nd nd nd p,p'-DDD 66.67 100.00 100.00 nd nd nd Endrin aldehyde nd nd nd nd nd nd Endosulfan sulfate nd nd nd nd nd nd p,p'-DDT 66.67 100.00 88.89 nd nd nd Endrin keton nd nd nd nd nd nd 0 Methoxy chlor nd nd nd nd nd nd 表 3 世界范围内鱿鱼中OCPs含量 (ng·g−1)
Table 3. Concentrations (ng·g−1) of OCPs in cephalopods worldwide(ng·g−1)
区域
Region物种
Species采样年份
Year组织
TissueDDTs HCHs 参考文献
Reference中央亚得里亚海
Central Adriatic SeaT.sagittatus 2002 胴体
Mantle116—130 [13] I.coindetili 305—1017 亚得里亚海
Adriatic SeaE.moschata 肝脏
Liver29—1755 [14] O.salutii 66—874 日本西部近海
Western offshore of JapanT.pacificus 1997—2001 肝脏
Liver320—1300 32—140 [15] 日本东部近海
Eastern offshore of JapanT.pacificus 54—120 12—64 日本相模湾
Sagami Bay, JapanT.pacificus 340—940 5.3—10 日本骏河湾
Suruga Bay, JapanT.pacificus 1993—1994 整体
Whole1000 36 [16] Sepiidae sp 整体
Whole290 7 内脏
Viscera1000 20 中国东海
East China SeaO.tenuicirrus 胴体
Mantle270 48 [17] S.escelenta 2001—2003 整体
Whole118 5 T.pacificus 565 5 韩国近海
Offshore of KoreaT.pacificus 2006 肝脏
Liver164—4430 13—98 [18] 中国东海
East SeaT.pacificus 2006 胴体
Mantle52—86 3—7 [19] 肝脏
Liver164—753 15—98 -
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