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酸雨作为工业过程伴生的环境问题,关乎全球环境. 作为酸雨污染大国,我国近40%面积受酸雨污染,对农业生产危害不容忽视[1-2]. 酸雨作用于叶面,诱发H+与叶片中阳离子竞争结合位点与离子替换,致细胞酸化坏死,酸雨中SO2经气孔对植株产生伤害[3-5]. 细胞内酸性物质累积使线粒体和叶绿体超微结构改变,导致叶绿素功能异常,呼吸及光合作用减弱[6];酸雨胁迫还引发活性氧累积,引起细胞膜脂质过氧化损伤[7],抑制抗氧化酶基因表达及活性[8]. 种子萌发和苗期生理生化指标受酸雨影响巨大[7]. 酸雨导致土壤酸化,使土壤中铝、镉等有害元素析出,抑制根系活性[9-10]、养分吸收、代谢及生长. 土壤酸化进一步造成微生物多样性[10]及活性降低[8],阻滞植物生长发育. 大量研究表明,玉米[11-12]、水稻[13]、小麦[14]其生长发育过程中物质转运吸收效率在pH低于5的条件下会明显受阻,当pH进一步降低到3以下时,多种作物的生理生态过程将出现停滞的现象[12]. 随着全球人口激增,酸雨威胁粮食生产安全. 人们通过农药及化肥增强作物抗性以期产量增加的努力,对环境和人体健康存在隐患. 因此,在当下无法控制酸雨污染、培育抗逆(酸雨)植株的现实条件下,寻找一种低污染、见效快、易推广的化控减灾技术与产品,迫在眉睫.
农业上稀土元素(rare earth elements, REE)镧使用广泛[15-17]. 稀土施用水稻[13]、油菜[12]和黄瓜幼苗[18],其处理组氮、磷、钾等含量远高于对照组,生长更优. 油菜叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性及根系活力、产量增效明显[12]. REE提高糯玉米幼苗PSⅡ最大量子产额和电子传递率,增强光合作用与抗氧化酶活性(减少丙二醛累积)及幼苗抗逆性[19]. 众多实践证明,La3+能提高玉米、苏丹草、紫花苜蓿[20-22]抗盐碱能力,降低玉米和小麦[14, 20]叶片蒸腾速率,增强植株抗逆性. 作为植物成分的氨基酸,既是植物生存的养分,也可凭其络合能力对植物的生理生态形成调节作用[23]. 如氨基酸浸种能缩短水稻与高粱种子萌发时间,提高淀粉酶活性与种子活力[24]. 甘氨酸缩短小油菜生育周期[24],提高烟草叶面积[25]、叶绿素含量及光合作用[25]. 色氨酸增加草莓叶厚(密)度,促进生长发育[26]. 脯氨酸能提高水稻细胞抗氧化酶活性及叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,减少丙二醛累积,增加植株抗逆性及生物量[27];氨基丁酸能提高烟草抗氧化酶活性,缓解盐碱对生长发育胁迫[25]. 谷氨酸提高严寒中小白菜叶含水量、鲜重、光合效率及对低温耐受性,甘氨酸增加棉花过氧化物酶等活,控制细胞活性氧水平,增强植株抗逆性[28].
稀土-氨基酸络合物具优良性能、稳定结构、原料获取便捷、合成过程精炼,较单独施用更有优势,其以较高的性价比已成为提高植物抗逆性、用途广泛的产品之一. Zhong等[29]发现,镧螯合氨基酸能缓解铜离子对水稻胁迫;周芸[30]在研究氨基酸稀土微肥时也看到,它能有效提高花生果实干物质累积、果实密度及出仁率,促进增产. 遗憾的是,有关特定稀土螯合氨基酸用于作物化控减灾的研究尚少.
本文采用模拟酸雨(pH3.0)处理玉米(Zea mays L.)、水稻(Oryza sativa L.)、小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)等3种作物的实验设计,运用生理生化等技术手段,初步研究新型氨基酸螯合镧(La(Ⅲ)-AA)对酸雨胁迫下植物质膜透性(MP)、抗氧化系统(过氧化物酶POD、过氧化氢酶CAT、超氧阴离子自由基ROS产生速率、丙二醛MDA含量)、光合作用能力(叶绿素含量)、脯氨酸(PRO)含量及氮代谢(硝酸还原酶NR)等生理指标影响,为酸雨胁迫下作物化控减灾,以及调控产品的选择提供依据.
氨基酸螯合镧(La(Ⅲ)-AA)对模拟酸雨胁迫下三种作物生理指标的影响
Effects of La(Ⅲ)-AA on Physiological Indicators of three crops under artificial acid rain stress
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摘要: 酸雨对农业生态系统中作物的影响,攸关粮食安全,抗酸(雨)减灾研究迫在眉睫. 本文采用模拟酸雨污染盆栽实验方法,研究一种新型氨基酸螯合镧对酸雨胁迫下玉米、水稻、小麦等8项生理指标的影响. 结果表明,与对照组相比预施氨基酸螯合镧能有效降低酸雨对3种作物叶片质膜透性(45.95%—54.22%)、超氧阴离子自由基产生速率(28.44%—42.31%)、丙二醛含量(31.03%—38.71%)、脯氨酸(36.23%—47.17%)含量及过氧化物酶活性(48.3%—57.92%)的影响,提高过氧化氢酶活性(29.43%—78.61%)、叶绿素含量(7.89%—18.76%)和氮代谢强度(21.37%—60.63%). 由此可见,氨基酸螯合镧对酸雨胁迫下,作物的过氧化损伤具有一定防护效应,预喷氨基酸螯合镧可在一定程度上减轻酸雨污染对作物的伤害.Abstract: The impact of acid rain on crops is critical to food security, and reducing acid rain damage to crops is a top priority. In this paper, the effect of a novel amino acid chelated lanthanum La(Ⅲ)-AA on 8 physiological indices of three crops, Zea mays L., Oryza sativa L. and Triticum aestivum L. were studied under simulated acid rain pollution. The results showed that pre-application of La(Ⅲ)-AA could effectively reduce the plasma membrane permeability (45.95%—54.22%), ROS production rate (28.44%—42.31%), malondialdehyde content (31.03%-38.71%), proline content (36.23%—47.17%) and peroxidase activity (48.3%—57.92%). Meanwhile, catalase activity (29.43%—78.61%), chlorophyll content (7.89%—18.76%) and nitrogen metabolism intensity (21.37%—60.63%) were increased. In conclusion, La(Ⅲ)-AA exhibits protective effect against the peroxidative stress caused by acid rain, and pre-spraying La(Ⅲ)-AA can reduce the damage of acid rain pollution to crops.
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Key words:
- La(Ⅲ)-AA /
- simulated acid rain /
- crops /
- physiological indicators.
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表 1 实验组叶片喷施方式
Table 1. Spraying method of leaves before experiment
时间
Period对照组
BK Group酸雨组
AR Group叶喷组
BS Group第一天 蒸馏水 蒸馏水 20 mg·L−1 La(Ⅲ)-AA 第二天 蒸馏水 酸雨(pH 3.0) 酸雨(pH 3.0) -
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