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我国正在推行生活垃圾分类制度,建设分类收集、分类处置的生活垃圾处理体系[1-2]。厨余废弃物是生活垃圾的主要组成部分,具有高含水率、高有机质的特点[3-4],含有丰富的有机质、氮、磷、钾等资源,利用高温好氧发酵技术将厨余废弃物进行快速无害化、减量化和资源化利用符合我国国情,是我国厨余废弃物处理和处置的重要研究方向。
厨余废弃物的好氧发酵是通过好氧微生物将厨余废弃物中大分子有机物降解成可被作物利用的小分子和矿化的过程,得到高肥力、高稳定性的腐殖质[5]。在发酵过程中需要通过辅料的添加来调节发酵堆体中含水率和养分等理化指标,为好氧微生物的快速代谢和繁殖提供必要的条件,达到微生物最佳的生长繁殖条件[6-7]。我国是农业大国,农作物秸秆资源丰富,花生壳、玉米秆和玉米芯中含有丰富的有机碳和营养元素,粗纤维含量高,在有机废弃物好氧发酵过程中常被当作调理剂使用[8-11]。
经热水解预处理后的厨余废弃物由于表面结构和理化性质的改变,更容易被微生物利用,高温发酵阶段更有利于纤维素、木质素的分解,驱动腐殖化进程[12]。因此本文研究热水解后的厨余废弃物与不同辅料进行高温好氧发酵,利用高通量测序技术对不同辅料发酵过程高温区细菌在门与属分类水平下的优势菌群进行鉴定,并对不同辅料与热水解后厨余废弃物好氧发酵过程菌群结构进行解析,以期为厨余废弃物的无害化处置和资源化利用技术提供理论依据和技术支撑。
不同辅料对热水解厨余废弃物好氧发酵过程理化性状和微生物菌群的影响
Effect of different additives on physicochemical properties and microflora during aerobic fermentation of thermal hydrolysis kitchen waste
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摘要: 本文对经过热水解预处理的厨余废弃物与3种不同辅料进行好氧发酵对比研究,测定热水解后厨余废弃物分别以花生壳、玉米秆和玉米芯作为辅料好氧发酵过程中温度、pH、有机质和GI的动态变化,并对3种辅料高温发酵处理阶段样品进行高通量测序,鉴定不同辅料高温区优势菌群。结果表明,花生壳对热水解后厨余废弃物处理效果优于玉米秆和玉米芯。高温发酵阶段样品高通量测序结果显示,门分类水平下花生壳、玉米秆和玉米芯的3种辅料堆体中优势菌群具有相似性,样本丰度大于0.01的细菌菌门共4个,分别为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)和放线菌门(Actinobacteriota);属分类水平下各组优势细菌菌属存在差异,其中花生壳处理组适宜添加的主要细菌菌属为黄杆菌属、魏斯氏菌属、鞘氨醇杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属;玉米秆处理组适宜添加的主要细菌菌属为芽胞杆菌属、魏斯氏菌属、葡萄球菌属、肠杆菌属、小短杆菌属和短芽孢杆菌属;玉米芯处理组适宜添加的主要细菌菌属为:不动杆菌属、乳杆菌属、魏斯氏菌属、库特氏菌属和肠球菌属。Abstract: In this paper, a comparative study was conducted on the aerobic fermentation of kitchen waste pretreated by thermal hydrolysis and three different additives, the dynamic changes of temperature , pH, organic matter and GI of kitchen waste after thermal hydrolysis were measured during aerobic fermentation with peanut shell, corn stalk and corn cob as additives, and high-throughput sequencing was performed on the samples of the three additives in the high temperature fermentation stage to identify the dominant bacterial community in the high temperature region of different additives. The results showed that the treatment effect of peanut shell on kitchen waste after thermal hydrolysis was better than that of corn stalk and corn cob. The results of high-throughput sequencing of samples at the high temperature fermentation stage showed that the dominant bacterial communities of peanut shell, corn stalk and corn cob were similar at the gate classification level. There were four bacterial phylas with a sample abundance greater than 0.01 which are Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota and Actinobacteriota. At the level of genus classification, there were differences among the dominant bacterial genera in each groups. The main bacterial genera suitable for peanut shell treatment group were Flavobacterium, Weissella, Sphingobacterium and Bacillus. The suitable bacterial species in corn stalk treatment group were Bacillus, Weissella, Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, Brevibacterium and Brevibacterium. The main bacteria suitable to be added in corn cob treatment group were Acinetobacter, Lactobacillus, Weissella, Kurthia and Enterococcus.
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Key words:
- additives /
- kitchen waste /
- aerobic fermentation /
- flora structure
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表 1 原料基本理化性质
Table 1. Basic physical and chemical properties of raw material
名称
Name有机质/(g·kg−1)
Organic matter总氮/(g·kg−1)
Total nitrogen总磷/(g·kg−1)
Total phosphorus总钾/(g·kg−1)
Total potassium含水率/%
Water content花生壳 834.23±30.08 3.91±0.14 1.51±0.05 6.52±0.24 9.73±0.35 玉米秆 941.38±33.94 7.43±0.27 1.79±0.06 4.63±0.17 9.37±0.34 玉米芯 705.33±32.32 5.62±0.26 4.93±0.23 7.08±0.32 6.83±0.31 厨余废弃物 846.17±22.39 16.29±0.43 5.42±0.14 13.51±0.35 92.43±2.45 -
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