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人工湿地(CWs)作为一种经济、高效且可持续的废水处理技术,常被用作生态安全缓冲区设立在污水处理厂与受纳水体间[1]. 在人工湿地中,湿地基质(即填料)、植物与微生物三者共同作用,影响着水质净化效果[2-3]. 基质作为构建人工湿地的主体,已被证实在这个“黑箱系统”中起着核心作用[4-5]. 不同的基质在实际废水处理中会显示出明显差异,进而影响人工湿地的运行性能[5]. 随着现代工业的迅速发展,越来越多的污染物被释放到水生环境. 人工湿地基质材料开发面临着许多新的要求与挑战. 然而,以天然产物(砾石、沸石等)和工业/农业副产物(钢渣、秸秆等)为代表的传统基质材料对抗生素等新污染物的去除存在一定局限性[6]. 学者们针对特定的需求,对基质吸附能力、过滤能力、孔隙结构与生物相容性等改性以增强处理功能,开发了一系列改性功能材料以实现更强的处理能力与更具针对性的应用效果[7-8]. 其中,铁碳微电解(IC-ME)基质凭借高效且经济的特点在人工湿地领域初露头角[9-10].
IC-ME基质通常由活性炭(AC)、生物碳(BC)等碳基材料与纳米零价铁(nZVI)、氧化铁(例如Fe2O3、Fe3O4和FeOOH和硫化亚铁)等铁基材料[11],通过热解、球磨、沉淀与热还原等方式复合改性而成[12]. IC-ME基质在结合了碳材料与铁基材料优点的同时,还具有原电池效应. 在IC-ME体系中,氧化还原电位为负的铁能与碳形成微原电池[13-14],产生Fe(Ⅱ)、H2O2和[H]等具有高反应性的产物,提高污染物的去除效率. 同时,铁碳之间形成的许多微电流电场[15],增强了吸附、还原、微生物降解等作用的发挥. 研究表明,铁碳微电解基质不仅能有效去除氮、磷、重金属等常规污染物,并能提升抗生素等新污染物的削减效果[16]. IC-ME基质在人工湿地废水修复中具有巨大的发展潜力.
迄今,国内外已有较多学者开发了不同类型的IC-ME材料,并有了一定的实际应用案例[17]. 目前关于IC-ME基质的综述主要围绕两个方面,一是从铁碳微电解材料制备角度出发,总结制备方法及其影响因素,二是总结了铁碳复合材料去除常规污染物的应用现状,评价其处理效果. 如段浩楠等[12]综述了生物炭/铁复合材料的制备及其在环境修复中的应用,Li等[18]和苏志敏等[19]综述了铁碳微电解材料的制备方法并简单介绍了铁碳微电解技术在不同领域中的应用现状. 然而,目前对人工湿地IC-ME基质的废水净化机理缺乏系统的归纳和总结. 同时,对铁碳微电解材料的生态安全性评价存在空白.
本文系统总结了铁碳微电解材料在人工湿地领域应用的最新进展,旨在:(1)阐明铁碳微电解基质在人工湿地中去除污染物的作用机制;(2)总结其对不同污染物的去除效果,并突出其对新污染物的去除研究;(3)对铁碳微电解基质的生态效应进行评价;(4)对未来的研究提出展望.
铁碳微电解基质在人工湿地中的作用机理及研究现状
Iron-carbon micro-electrolysis substrate for constructed wetland: Interaction mechanisms, performance and Ecological effects
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摘要: 人工湿地是污水生态处理的有效手段之一,湿地基质作为人工湿地的主要成分,显著影响其处理效果. 随着社会经济的发展,越来越多的污染物被排放至水体中. 而传统基质对抗生素等新污染物的去除存在一定局限性,铁碳微电解基质可有效弥补其不足. 本文全面综述了铁碳微电解材料在人工湿地中去除污染物的作用机理,总结了其对常规污染物与新污染物去除的研究现状. 此外,本文还考察了铁碳微电解基质的生态效应,并对该领域未来的研究提出展望,以期为未来开展相关研究工作与工程应用提供一定的理论指导.Abstract: Constructed wetlands (CWs) are widely recognized as one of the cost-effective eco-technologies for wastewater treatment. As a critical component in CWs, the substrate significantly influences the performance of CWs. Nowadays, rapid industrialization is producing a lot of emerging pollutants in water, which cannot be ignored. Traditional substrates struggle to handle emerging pollutants such as antibiotics. Iron-carbon micro-electrolysis (IC-ME) substrate can effectively make up for the deficiency. In this paper, the mechanism of IC-ME substrate for pollutant removal in constructed wetlands is comprehensively reviewed, and the research status of the removal of conventional pollutants and emerging pollutants is summarized. In addition, the ecological effects of IC-ME substrate are investigated. The future research in this field was prospected, aiming to provide a reference for further scientific research and engineering applications.
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表 1 人工湿地对不同污染物的主要去除机制
Table 1. Main removal mechanisms of different pollutants in CWs
表 2 铁碳微电解基质的应用
Table 2. Application of iron carbon micro-electrolysis substrate
处理物
Treatment碳类型
Carbon type铁类型
Iron type骨架
Support进水类型
Sample type去除率/%
Removal rate参考文献
References总氮 活性炭 Fe0 砾石 实际水样 63.40 ± 12.11 [57] 总磷 生物炭 Fe 生物炭 实际水样 98 [43] 镉 秸秆生物炭 Fe0 沸石 模拟水样 98.59 [51] 六价铬 活性炭 nZVI AC/nZVI 模拟水样 68 [21] 六价铬 生物炭 Fe3O4 砾石 模拟水样 65 [38] 2,4-二硝基甲苯 秸秆生物炭 nZVI 生物炭 模拟水样 >97 [72] 对硝基酚 橡木锯屑 FeSO4 生物炭 模拟水样 >97 [30] 甲硝唑 葡萄糖 Fe0 生物炭 模拟水样 94.20 [30] 氯霉素 桉木生物炭 nZVI 生物炭 模拟水样 100 [20] 双酚A 生物炭 Fe2O3 生物炭 模拟水样 100 [50] 毒死蜱 秸秆生物炭 Fe0 沸石 模拟水样 99.55 [51] 四环素 生物炭 Fe0 生物炭 实际水样 99.1 [34] 环丙沙星 木炭 Fe0 生物炭 模拟水样 95.5 [36] 磷酸三甲酚酯 秸秆生物炭 FeSO4 生物炭 模拟水样 >90 [30] -
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