北部湾铁山港附近海域水体和沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

曲良, 谭海涛, 刘涛, 张文龙. 北部湾铁山港附近海域水体和沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价[J]. 环境化学, 2023, 42(3): 757-768. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2022102606
引用本文: 曲良, 谭海涛, 刘涛, 张文龙. 北部湾铁山港附近海域水体和沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价[J]. 环境化学, 2023, 42(3): 757-768. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2022102606
QU Liang, TAN Haitao, LIU Tao, ZHANG Wenlong. Distribution characteristics and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the seawater and sediment of Tieshan Port, Beibu Gulf[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2023, 42(3): 757-768. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2022102606
Citation: QU Liang, TAN Haitao, LIU Tao, ZHANG Wenlong. Distribution characteristics and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the seawater and sediment of Tieshan Port, Beibu Gulf[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2023, 42(3): 757-768. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2022102606

北部湾铁山港附近海域水体和沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

    通讯作者: Tel: 01084521214, E-mail: quliang2@cnooc.com.cn
  • 基金项目:
    中国海洋石油集团有限公司科技项目(KJGG-2022-17 )资助.

Distribution characteristics and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the seawater and sediment of Tieshan Port, Beibu Gulf

    Corresponding author: QU Liang, quliang2@cnooc.com.cn
  • Fund Project: the Research Program of CNOOC (KJGG-2022-17 ).
  • 摘要: 于2020年11月和2021年3月在北部湾铁山港附近海域开展了2个航次调查,研究了该海域水体和表层沉积物中铜、铅、锌、铬、砷、汞的分布特征及潜在生态风险. 结果表明,水体重金属垂直分布较均匀,而平面分布表现出明显的季节性差异. 在春季,砷的高值区位于离岸较近的东北部海域,其余5种重金属高值区位于西南部海域. 在秋季,铅呈离散性分布,而铜、锌、铬、砷和汞的浓度分布表现出由近岸向远岸逐渐降低的趋势. 表层沉积物重金属分布也存在显著季节性差异. 在春季,铜、铅、锌和铬的高值区位于西南部海域,砷的高值区位于中部海域,汞的高值区靠近东部海域. 在秋季,除砷表现出离散性分布外,其他5种重金属的高值区皆位于西南部海域,且表现出由近岸向远岸逐渐递增的趋势. 单因子标准指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评估结果表明,该海域汞和铅的潜在生态风险较高. 相关性分析表明,沉积物粒径和总有机碳(TOC)是影响沉积物重金属浓度分布的主要因素.
  • 加载中
  • 图 1  调查站位图

    Figure 1.  Investigation sea area and sampling sites

    图 2  表层海水重金属分布情况

    Figure 2.  Distributions of heavy metals in the surface seawater of investigated areas

    图 3  沉积物重金属分布情况

    Figure 3.  Distributions of heavy metals in sediment of investigated areas.

    表 1  分析方法

    Table 1.  Methods of analysis

    类型
    Type
    重金属
    Heavy metals
    分析方法
    Method
    规范
    Standard
    海水原子荧光法GB17378.4—2007
    电感耦合等离子体质谱法HY/T147.1—2013
    电感耦合等离子体质谱法HY/T147.1—2013
    电感耦合等离子体质谱法HY/T147.1—2013
    电感耦合等离子体质谱法HY/T147.1—2013
    电感耦合等离子体质谱法HY/T147.1—2013
    沉积物热分解冷原子吸收光度法HY/T147.2—2013
    火焰原子吸收分光光度法GB17378.5—2007
    火焰原子吸收分光光度法GB17378.5—2007
    火焰原子吸收分光光度法GB17378.5—2007
    无火焰原子吸收分光光度法GB17378.5—2007
    原子荧光法GB17378.5—2007
    有机碳重铬酸钾氧化-还原容量法GB17378.5—2007
    粒度激光法GB12763.8—2007
    类型
    Type
    重金属
    Heavy metals
    分析方法
    Method
    规范
    Standard
    海水原子荧光法GB17378.4—2007
    电感耦合等离子体质谱法HY/T147.1—2013
    电感耦合等离子体质谱法HY/T147.1—2013
    电感耦合等离子体质谱法HY/T147.1—2013
    电感耦合等离子体质谱法HY/T147.1—2013
    电感耦合等离子体质谱法HY/T147.1—2013
    沉积物热分解冷原子吸收光度法HY/T147.2—2013
    火焰原子吸收分光光度法GB17378.5—2007
    火焰原子吸收分光光度法GB17378.5—2007
    火焰原子吸收分光光度法GB17378.5—2007
    无火焰原子吸收分光光度法GB17378.5—2007
    原子荧光法GB17378.5—2007
    有机碳重铬酸钾氧化-还原容量法GB17378.5—2007
    粒度激光法GB12763.8—2007
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 2  沉积物重金属毒性系数和背景值

    Table 2.  Toxicity response coefficient and background reference values of heavy metals

    重金属元素/(μg·g−1) Heavy metal
    HgCuPbCdZnAs
    $ {T}_{\mathrm{r}}^{i} $105540110
    $ {C}_{\mathrm{n}}^{i} $(10−60.09312.9131.10.43070.215
    重金属元素/(μg·g−1) Heavy metal
    HgCuPbCdZnAs
    $ {T}_{\mathrm{r}}^{i} $105540110
    $ {C}_{\mathrm{n}}^{i} $(10−60.09312.9131.10.43070.215
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 3  海水重金属浓度(μg·L−1

    Table 3.  Concentrations of heavy metals in seawater(μg·L−1

    季节
    Season
    水深
    Depth
    数值
    Value

    Cu

    Pb

    Zn

    Cr

    As

    Hg
    春季表层范围0.71—4.320.07—0.870.86—11.750.2—0.541.44—2.420.017—0.037
    平均值1.5630.3703.4990.3421.9040.0272
    10 m范围0.78—3.740.11—0.61.65—3.630.24—0.411.65—2.450.016—0.037
    平均值1.7850.3532.1520.3341.9960.0254
    底层范围0.99—4.40.16—1.121.22—10.80.23—0.381.65—2.680.016—0.035
    平均值1.6420.6753.0720.3142.0100.0268
    秋季表层范围0.49—4.320.15—2.370.97—16.090.11—1.911.26—2.380.008—0.045
    平均值1.9960.5453.9240.6921.7780.0241
    10 m范围0.88—3.620.08—1.460.93—12.440.11—4.751.08—2.50.01—0.046
    平均值1.530.5163.160.7821.7880.0256
    底层范围0.92—3.760.18—0.870.77—8.370.19—1.81.51—2.70.014—0.047
    平均值1.9730.5252.7680.6071.9480.0256
    季节
    Season
    水深
    Depth
    数值
    Value

    Cu

    Pb

    Zn

    Cr

    As

    Hg
    春季表层范围0.71—4.320.07—0.870.86—11.750.2—0.541.44—2.420.017—0.037
    平均值1.5630.3703.4990.3421.9040.0272
    10 m范围0.78—3.740.11—0.61.65—3.630.24—0.411.65—2.450.016—0.037
    平均值1.7850.3532.1520.3341.9960.0254
    底层范围0.99—4.40.16—1.121.22—10.80.23—0.381.65—2.680.016—0.035
    平均值1.6420.6753.0720.3142.0100.0268
    秋季表层范围0.49—4.320.15—2.370.97—16.090.11—1.911.26—2.380.008—0.045
    平均值1.9960.5453.9240.6921.7780.0241
    10 m范围0.88—3.620.08—1.460.93—12.440.11—4.751.08—2.50.01—0.046
    平均值1.530.5163.160.7821.7880.0256
    底层范围0.92—3.760.18—0.870.77—8.370.19—1.81.51—2.70.014—0.047
    平均值1.9730.5252.7680.6071.9480.0256
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 4  国内外海水重金属浓度(μg·L−1

    Table 4.  Concentrations of heavy metals in the seawater of various sea areas(μg·L−1

    海域
    Area

    Cu

    Pb

    Zn

    Cr

    As

    Hg
    参考文献
    Reference
    北部湾铁山港春季表层平均值1.5630.3703.4990.3421.9040.0272本研究
    北部湾铁山港春季10 m层平均值1.7850.3532.1520.3341.9960.0254
    北部湾铁山港春季底层平均值1.6420.6753.0720.3142.0100.0268
    北部湾铁山港秋季表层平均值1.9960.5453.9240.6921.7780.0241本研究
    北部湾铁山港秋季10 m平均值1.530.5163.160.7821.7880.0256
    北部湾铁山港秋季底层平均值1.9730.5252.7680.6071.9480.0256
    辽东湾表层1.01—3.400.38—3.217.57—22.132.01—3.510.03—0.05宋永刚,2016[19]
    渤海湾表层9.39—39.370.062—3.6917.36—31.863—5.892.35—5.890.010—0.060蔡端波,2015[20]
    防城港近岸1.76—4.790.59—2.7516.9—24.90.55—1.720.72—2.490.012—0.088何祥英,2014[21]
    钦州湾东部2.21.140.20.680.036张荣灿等,2015[22]
    广西近岸5.060.7012.52.380.610.048李萍等,2018[23]
    湛江湾11.1723.28546.120.047赵佳林等,2022[24]
    铁山港3.380—4.7800.680—0.9403.820—7.5000.012—0.026李萍等,2018[25]
    ArabianGulf,Saudi Arabia0—0.00228.22—34.170.78—0.5121.07—24.610.84—1.13Mahboob et al.,2022[26]
    Persian Gulf, Iran0.2510.0110.2510.1161.41Jafarabadi et al.,2017[27]
    Northeastern Mediterranean Sea1.73118.8760.2112.001Çiftçi et al,2021[28]
    Red Sea,Egypt1.072.525.781.65Masoud et al.,2019[29]
    South Australian,Southern Ocean0.9—64.20.4—5514—670.35—1.323.2—8.2Chakraborty et al.,2014[30]
    海域
    Area

    Cu

    Pb

    Zn

    Cr

    As

    Hg
    参考文献
    Reference
    北部湾铁山港春季表层平均值1.5630.3703.4990.3421.9040.0272本研究
    北部湾铁山港春季10 m层平均值1.7850.3532.1520.3341.9960.0254
    北部湾铁山港春季底层平均值1.6420.6753.0720.3142.0100.0268
    北部湾铁山港秋季表层平均值1.9960.5453.9240.6921.7780.0241本研究
    北部湾铁山港秋季10 m平均值1.530.5163.160.7821.7880.0256
    北部湾铁山港秋季底层平均值1.9730.5252.7680.6071.9480.0256
    辽东湾表层1.01—3.400.38—3.217.57—22.132.01—3.510.03—0.05宋永刚,2016[19]
    渤海湾表层9.39—39.370.062—3.6917.36—31.863—5.892.35—5.890.010—0.060蔡端波,2015[20]
    防城港近岸1.76—4.790.59—2.7516.9—24.90.55—1.720.72—2.490.012—0.088何祥英,2014[21]
    钦州湾东部2.21.140.20.680.036张荣灿等,2015[22]
    广西近岸5.060.7012.52.380.610.048李萍等,2018[23]
    湛江湾11.1723.28546.120.047赵佳林等,2022[24]
    铁山港3.380—4.7800.680—0.9403.820—7.5000.012—0.026李萍等,2018[25]
    ArabianGulf,Saudi Arabia0—0.00228.22—34.170.78—0.5121.07—24.610.84—1.13Mahboob et al.,2022[26]
    Persian Gulf, Iran0.2510.0110.2510.1161.41Jafarabadi et al.,2017[27]
    Northeastern Mediterranean Sea1.73118.8760.2112.001Çiftçi et al,2021[28]
    Red Sea,Egypt1.072.525.781.65Masoud et al.,2019[29]
    South Australian,Southern Ocean0.9—64.20.4—5514—670.35—1.323.2—8.2Chakraborty et al.,2014[30]
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 5  沉积物重金属浓度(μg·g−1

    Table 5.  Concentrations of heavy metals in seawater (μg·g−1

    季节
    Season
    数值
    Value

    Cu

    Pb

    Zn

    Cr

    As

    Hg
    春季范围5.3—21.230.2—30.224.8—75.84.9—79.31.58—10.60.005—0.026
    平均值9.93321.60942.68131.0577.4820.0199
    秋季范围2—21.31.9—38.56.8—10319—72.20.34—2.440.0035—0.029
    平均值8.71721.51749.38744.5961.6000.0169
    季节
    Season
    数值
    Value

    Cu

    Pb

    Zn

    Cr

    As

    Hg
    春季范围5.3—21.230.2—30.224.8—75.84.9—79.31.58—10.60.005—0.026
    平均值9.93321.60942.68131.0577.4820.0199
    秋季范围2—21.31.9—38.56.8—10319—72.20.34—2.440.0035—0.029
    平均值8.71721.51749.38744.5961.6000.0169
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 6  国内外海域沉积物重金属浓度(μg·g−1

    Table 6.  Concentrations of heavy metals in sediments of different sea areas(μg·g−1

    海域
    Sea area

    Cu

    Pb

    Zn

    Cr

    As

    Hg
    参考文献
    Reference
    本研究(春季)5.3—21.230.2—30.224.8—75.84.9—79.31.58—10.60.005—0.026
    本研究(秋季)2—21.31.9—38.56.8—10319—72.20.34—2.440.0035—0.029
    胶州湾12.97—37.728.81—33.9337.00—87.9232.59—62.73肖彩玲,2017[31]
    海州湾北部3.23—30.6921.22—43.2815.6—122.110.58—77.013.93—6.730.002—0.009孟昆,2018[32]
    防城港近岸22.3722.4465.0737.789.080.07庞国涛等,2022[33]
    雷州半岛附近海域15.6226.7166.3359.5411.200.037夏嘉等,2022[16]
    广西近岸海域8.9517.643.620.07.120.0359闭文妮等,2022[34]
    钦州湾沙井岛临近海域18.1326.6961.1647.0210.800.06曹宏明等,2020[35]
    Red Sea, Saudi Arabia17.2—217.211.5—111.348.8—511.514.9—289Alharbi et al.,2019[36]
    Bizerte coastal line, Tunisia1.14.72.70.6Aydi et al.,2022[37]
    Mid-Black Sea, Turkey7.99—16.666.32—33.0513.9—43.8361.9— 1084.853.6—5.950.03—0.22Özkoç et al.,2022[38]
    Caspian Sea, Russia8.34.1917.1de Mora et al.,2004[39]
    South east coastal sea, India1.81—25.660.79—18.621.07—66.932.68—60.02Satheeswaran et al.,2019[40]
    海域
    Sea area

    Cu

    Pb

    Zn

    Cr

    As

    Hg
    参考文献
    Reference
    本研究(春季)5.3—21.230.2—30.224.8—75.84.9—79.31.58—10.60.005—0.026
    本研究(秋季)2—21.31.9—38.56.8—10319—72.20.34—2.440.0035—0.029
    胶州湾12.97—37.728.81—33.9337.00—87.9232.59—62.73肖彩玲,2017[31]
    海州湾北部3.23—30.6921.22—43.2815.6—122.110.58—77.013.93—6.730.002—0.009孟昆,2018[32]
    防城港近岸22.3722.4465.0737.789.080.07庞国涛等,2022[33]
    雷州半岛附近海域15.6226.7166.3359.5411.200.037夏嘉等,2022[16]
    广西近岸海域8.9517.643.620.07.120.0359闭文妮等,2022[34]
    钦州湾沙井岛临近海域18.1326.6961.1647.0210.800.06曹宏明等,2020[35]
    Red Sea, Saudi Arabia17.2—217.211.5—111.348.8—511.514.9—289Alharbi et al.,2019[36]
    Bizerte coastal line, Tunisia1.14.72.70.6Aydi et al.,2022[37]
    Mid-Black Sea, Turkey7.99—16.666.32—33.0513.9—43.8361.9— 1084.853.6—5.950.03—0.22Özkoç et al.,2022[38]
    Caspian Sea, Russia8.34.1917.1de Mora et al.,2004[39]
    South east coastal sea, India1.81—25.660.79—18.621.07—66.932.68—60.02Satheeswaran et al.,2019[40]
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 7  沉积物重金属与环境因素间的相关性

    Table 7.  Correlation of heavy metals with environmental factors in sediment


    Cr

    As

    Hg

    Pb

    Cu

    Zn
    TOC0.613**0.397**0.867**0.812**0.872**0.817**
    −0.1630.0940.372**0.072−0.109−0.112
    −0.561**−0.301**−0.737**−0.739**−0.771**−0.774**
    粉砂0.560**0.2590.549**0.651**0.742**0.740**
    黏土0.576**0.1680.544**0.635**0.707**0.737**
    −0.2220.527**0.702**0.753**0.844**
    0.2640.1640.2840.060
    0.793**0.723**0.739**
    0.805**0.876**
    0.923**
      **表示P<0.01.

    Cr

    As

    Hg

    Pb

    Cu

    Zn
    TOC0.613**0.397**0.867**0.812**0.872**0.817**
    −0.1630.0940.372**0.072−0.109−0.112
    −0.561**−0.301**−0.737**−0.739**−0.771**−0.774**
    粉砂0.560**0.2590.549**0.651**0.742**0.740**
    黏土0.576**0.1680.544**0.635**0.707**0.737**
    −0.2220.527**0.702**0.753**0.844**
    0.2640.1640.2840.060
    0.793**0.723**0.739**
    0.805**0.876**
    0.923**
      **表示P<0.01.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 8  海水和沉积物重金属单因子标准指数

    Table 8.  Single factor index of heavy metals in the seawater and sediments

    介质
    Sample
    季节
    Season
    水深
    Depth
    数值
    Value

    Cu

    Pb

    Zn

    Cr

    As

    Hg
    海水春季表层范围0.148—0.8640.070—0.8700.0430—0.08050.004—0.01080.072—0.1090.32—1.00
    平均值0.3130.3710.1750.006830.09520.545
    10 m范围0.156—0.7080.110—1.0000.0535—0.1820.0082—0.010.0825—0.1230.320—0.740
    平均值0.3570.3540.1080.006670.09980.508
    底层范围0.172—0.8800.160—1.1200.060—0.5400.00460—0.01000.0825—0.1340.400—0.720
    平均值0.3280.6750.1540.006290.1010.535
    秋季表层范围0.0980—0.8640.120—2.3700.0485—0.8040.00220—0.03820.0610—0.1220.160—0.900
    平均值0.3990.5450.1960.01380.08890.483
    10 m范围0.176—0.7240.0800—1.4600.0465—0.4630.00200—0.09500.0540—0.1250.200—0.920
    平均值0.3060.5160.1580.01560.08930.513
    底层范围0.184—0.7520.180—0.8700.0385—0.4180.00380—0.02880.0440—0.1140.280—0.940
    平均值0.3950.5250.1390.01210.09740.511
    沉积物春季范围0.151—0.6060.0933—0.5030.165—0.5050.0612—0.9910.0790—0.5150.025—0.190
    平均值0.3510.3780.3510.3880.3740.0992
    秋季范围0.0571—0.6090.0317—0.6420.0453—0.6870.237—0.9030.0170—0.1210.0175—0.145
    平均值0.2490.3590.3290.5570.08000.0846
    介质
    Sample
    季节
    Season
    水深
    Depth
    数值
    Value

    Cu

    Pb

    Zn

    Cr

    As

    Hg
    海水春季表层范围0.148—0.8640.070—0.8700.0430—0.08050.004—0.01080.072—0.1090.32—1.00
    平均值0.3130.3710.1750.006830.09520.545
    10 m范围0.156—0.7080.110—1.0000.0535—0.1820.0082—0.010.0825—0.1230.320—0.740
    平均值0.3570.3540.1080.006670.09980.508
    底层范围0.172—0.8800.160—1.1200.060—0.5400.00460—0.01000.0825—0.1340.400—0.720
    平均值0.3280.6750.1540.006290.1010.535
    秋季表层范围0.0980—0.8640.120—2.3700.0485—0.8040.00220—0.03820.0610—0.1220.160—0.900
    平均值0.3990.5450.1960.01380.08890.483
    10 m范围0.176—0.7240.0800—1.4600.0465—0.4630.00200—0.09500.0540—0.1250.200—0.920
    平均值0.3060.5160.1580.01560.08930.513
    底层范围0.184—0.7520.180—0.8700.0385—0.4180.00380—0.02880.0440—0.1140.280—0.940
    平均值0.3950.5250.1390.01210.09740.511
    沉积物春季范围0.151—0.6060.0933—0.5030.165—0.5050.0612—0.9910.0790—0.5150.025—0.190
    平均值0.3510.3780.3510.3880.3740.0992
    秋季范围0.0571—0.6090.0317—0.6420.0453—0.6870.237—0.9030.0170—0.1210.0175—0.145
    平均值0.2490.3590.3290.5570.08000.0846
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 9  沉积物重金属潜在生态风险指数(Eri

    Table 9.  The potential ecological risk indices of heavy metals in the sediments

    季节
    Season
    数值
    Value
    Eri

    Cu

    Pb

    Zn

    Cr

    As

    Hg
    春季范围0.757—3.0290.467—2.5170.165—0.5050.123—1.9830.790—5.3001—7.6
    平均值1.7531.8910.3510.7763.7413.971
    秋季范围0.314—3.0430.158—3.2080.045—0.6870.475—1.8050.170—1.2200.7—5.6
    平均值1.3741.7930.3291.1150.8003.385
    季节
    Season
    数值
    Value
    Eri

    Cu

    Pb

    Zn

    Cr

    As

    Hg
    春季范围0.757—3.0290.467—2.5170.165—0.5050.123—1.9830.790—5.3001—7.6
    平均值1.7531.8910.3510.7763.7413.971
    秋季范围0.314—3.0430.158—3.2080.045—0.6870.475—1.8050.170—1.2200.7—5.6
    平均值1.3741.7930.3291.1150.8003.385
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2022-10-26
  • 录用日期:  2022-12-22
  • 刊出日期:  2023-03-27

北部湾铁山港附近海域水体和沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

    通讯作者: Tel: 01084521214, E-mail: quliang2@cnooc.com.cn
  • 1. 中海石油(中国)有限公司,北京,100010
  • 2. 中海油研究总院责任有限公司,北京,100028
基金项目:
中国海洋石油集团有限公司科技项目(KJGG-2022-17 )资助.

摘要: 于2020年11月和2021年3月在北部湾铁山港附近海域开展了2个航次调查,研究了该海域水体和表层沉积物中铜、铅、锌、铬、砷、汞的分布特征及潜在生态风险. 结果表明,水体重金属垂直分布较均匀,而平面分布表现出明显的季节性差异. 在春季,砷的高值区位于离岸较近的东北部海域,其余5种重金属高值区位于西南部海域. 在秋季,铅呈离散性分布,而铜、锌、铬、砷和汞的浓度分布表现出由近岸向远岸逐渐降低的趋势. 表层沉积物重金属分布也存在显著季节性差异. 在春季,铜、铅、锌和铬的高值区位于西南部海域,砷的高值区位于中部海域,汞的高值区靠近东部海域. 在秋季,除砷表现出离散性分布外,其他5种重金属的高值区皆位于西南部海域,且表现出由近岸向远岸逐渐递增的趋势. 单因子标准指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评估结果表明,该海域汞和铅的潜在生态风险较高. 相关性分析表明,沉积物粒径和总有机碳(TOC)是影响沉积物重金属浓度分布的主要因素.

English Abstract

  • 随着海洋经济快速发展,人类开发利用海洋资源的活动日益频繁,人类活动产生的多种污染物随河流、大气沉降以及交通航运等途径进入海洋,给海岸带生态环境造成巨大影响[1]. 其中,重金属元素由于对海洋生物具有显著的毒性效应,其在海洋环境中的迁移、分布以及生态环境风险等已引起学者们的广泛关注[2-3]. 海洋环境中的重金属主要来源于自然风化、陆源输入、大气沉降以及船舶运输等自然源和人为源[4]. 重金属元素进入水体后,通过吸附、富集、沉降等过程使海洋多介质环境造成污染. 海洋中的重金属可以通过食物链进行传递与逐级放大,对生物个体生长产生毒性效应,威胁海洋生态系统的功能以及人类健康[5-7]. 河流输入的重金属大部分在河口和近海区域通过沉降作用累积到沉积物中,造成底栖环境严重污染[8]. 沉积物中的重金属元素通过有机质降解、氧化还原反应、再悬浮等过程也可重新进入水体,对水生生物产生较大危害[9].

    北部湾位于南海西北部海域,其半封闭的自然地理环境,导致湾内外水体交换周期长,污染物扩散无法快速扩散,加之沿岸人类活动干扰,给北部湾海域的海洋生态环境带来多方面影响[10]. 针对北部湾海域的重金属污染,学者们已开展了一系列研究[11-12]. 研究发现,北部湾沉积物中重金属含量与分布的变化主要与沉积物粒度有关[13]. 熊丹等通过分析北部湾海域重金属浓度及分布特征发现北部湾环流的往复运动影响了重金属在高潮带、中潮带和低潮带的浓度分布[14]. 滕德强等研究发现,北部湾近岸的工业及生活排污、化肥和农药残留物以及有机物降解释放是导致雷州半岛东南部海域重金属元素含量近岸显著高于远岸的主要原因[15]. 通过对北部湾雷州半岛周围海域多个站位沉积物重金属分布情况的分析,学者们发现重金属含量较历史监测数据有增加的趋势,推测人类活动对该研究海域生态环境的影响在日益增大[16].

    港口海域受航运需求增大和港口规模扩大的影响,承载着较大的环境污染压力. 铁山港位于广西北部湾的东北部海域,是北部湾海域重要的港口运输基地. 目前,多数在北部湾海域开展的研究仅关注重金属在单一环境中的时空变化,缺乏从水体环境和沉积物底质两个方面对重金属的时空变化特征开展系统研究. 本研究通过现场调查测定了北部湾典型港口海域海水和表层沉积物中6种重金属含量,分析了该海域重金属的时空分布特征并探讨了其控制因素,通过单因子标准指数评价法和重金属潜在生态风险评价法评估了该海域重金属污染和生态风险状况,为开展北部湾海域区域污染防治和资源合理开发利用提供了理论依据.

    • 分别于2020年11月和2021年3月在研究海域开展了2次航次调查,调查站位设置如图1所示.

    • 海水和沉积物样品的采集、保存、运输和分析均按照《海洋监测规范》(GB 17378—2007)、《海洋调查规范》(GB 12763—2007)以及《海洋监测技术规程》(HY/T147—2013)执行. 分析方法如表1所示.

    • 重金属的质量状况采用单因子标准指数法进行评价,其计算公式为:

      式中,Ii为第i种重金属的标准指数,Ci为第i种重金属的实测值,Si为第i种重金属的第一类标准值. 当Ii≤1 时,符合标准;当Ii>1 时,含量超标.

    • 本研究采用重金属潜在生态风险指数评价法评价沉积物重金属生态风险[17]. 利用单个重金属潜在生态风险系数,对调查海域内的各重金属污染及生态危害进行评价,其计算公式为:

      式中,$ {E}_{\mathrm{r}}^{i} $为重金属i潜在生态风险系数;$ {T}_{\mathrm{r}}^{i} $为重金属i的毒性响应系数,用于反映重金属i的毒性水平和生物对污染物的敏感程度;$ {C}_{\mathrm{f}}^{i} $为重金属i的污染系数;$ {C}^{i} $为重金属i的实测浓度;$ {C}_{\mathrm{n}}^{i} $为重金属i的背景参考值. 本研究采用的学者在相同海域开展研究所使用的背景值为等级划分参考值(表2[18].

    • 调查海域海水样品重金属测定结果如表3所示. 在春季,不同水深(表层、10 m层和底层)的重金属平均值分别为:铜,1.563、1.785、1.642 μg·L−1;铅,0.370、0.353、0.675 μg·L−1;锌,3.499、2.152、3.072 μg·L−1;铬,0.342、0.334、0.314 μg·L−1;砷,1.904、1.996、2.010 μg·L−1;汞,0.0272、0.0254、0.0268 μg·L−1. 在秋季,不同水深的重金属平均值分别为:铜,1.996、1.53、1.973 μg·L−1;铅,0.545、0.516、0.525 μg·L−1;锌,3.924、3.16、2.768 μg·L−1;铬,0.692、0.782、0.607 μg·L−1;砷,1.778、1.788、1.948 μg·L−1;汞,0.0241、0.0256、0.0256 μg·L−1.

      本次调查数值与学者们在北部湾开展的相关研究相近,与国内外的相关研究结果比较,浓度普遍较低,可能由于调查海域入海地表径流较少,海域受沿岸陆源污染影响较低(表4). 总体而言,海水中6种重金属在两个季节的浓度平均值均无显著差异(Mann-whitney检验,P>0.1),水体重金属含量较稳定. 在垂直分布上,6种重金属的分布规律基本相同,垂直混合较均匀,无明显垂直变化.

      调查海域海水表层、10 m与底层分布类似,因此以表层为例展示重金属不同季节的平面分布情况. 表层海水重金属不同季节分布如图2所示. 在春季,除砷之外的5种重金属分布规律相似,高值区位于西南部海域,可能与西南部海域靠近多条航路船舶航运产生的污染有关. 砷的高值区位于离岸较近的东北部. 在秋季,铜、锌、铬、砷和汞的浓度分布表现出由近岸向远岸逐渐降低的趋势. 调查区域被陆域包围,该分布趋势可能是由于临海工业分布较集中,陆域工业废水和生活污水排放入海的影响.

    • 调查海域沉积物样品重金属浓度见表5. 在春季,6种重金属浓度平均值分别为:铜9.933 μg·g−1; 铅21.609 μg·g−1;锌42.681 μg·g−1;铬31.057 μg·g−1;砷7.482 μg·g−1;汞0.0199 μg·g−1. 在秋季,6种重金属平均值分别为:铜8.717 μg·g−1;铅21.517 μg·g−1;锌49.387 μg·g−1;铬44.596 μg·g−1;砷1.600 μg·g−1;汞0.0169 μg·g−1. 本次调查与学者们之前在北部湾调查结果相比(表6),铅、锌、砷、汞浓度较低,铜和铬浓度相近,表明该海域沉积物中的铜与铬浓度较为稳定,且沉积物污染状况有所减轻. 表层沉积物重金属浓度除砷存在季节差异外,其余重金属含量季节差异不显著(Man-Whitney检验,P>0.1)(表5). 与国内外相关研究比较,本次调查海域沉积物重金属浓度普遍偏低(表6).

      沉积物重金属平面分布如图3所示. 在春季,铜、铅、锌和铬的高值区位于西南部海域,砷的高值区位于中部海域,汞的高值区靠近东部海域. 在秋季,除砷表现出离散性分布外,其他5种重金属的高值区皆位于西南部海域,且也表现出由近岸向远岸逐渐递增的趋势. 这可能是由于不同区域沉积物类型的差异,西南部海域沉积物主要为粉砂和黏土,更容易吸附重金属[41-42].

      相关性分析结果(表7)表明,铬、汞、铅、铜、锌5种金属的浓度呈显著正相关关系,表明5种重金属可能具有相似的迁移转化行为和类似的来源. 砷与其他5种重金属无显著相关性,表明砷的来源可能与其他重金属不同. 以往研究表明海洋环境的中的砷多来自陆源,在土壤施肥过程中进入水体,通过径流进入海洋[43-44]. 此外,有研究显示,砷主要来源于自然环境,这与其他5种金属可能主要来自人类活动有所差异,可能也是砷与其他五种金属相关性差的原因[45]. 研究的6种重金属浓度与有机碳含量(TOC)均表现出显著的正相关,表明随着有机质含量的增加,重金属浓度也呈增加的趋势. 研究表明,有机质可通过络合作用吸附重金属导致沉积物重金属浓度升高,是影响沉积物中重金属浓度的重要因素[46-47]. 6种重金属浓度与砂含量均呈显著的负相关性,除砷以外的其余5种重金属与粉砂和黏土的含量均呈显著正相关性,表明颗粒物越小,比表面积越大,吸附重金属的能力越强[48].

      调查海域分布有北海至涠洲航路、北海至海南岛西海岸港口航路、涠洲岛航路以及北部湾港至东南亚各国航路等多条航路,渔业和运输船舶往来频繁,这可能是影响调查区域重金属分布变化的重要因素之一[49]. 有学者指出,船舶燃油燃烧、防腐材料使用等会导致海水重金属浓度变化[50-52]. 也有学者研究发现,来自琼州海峡的混合水与向北入侵的南海海水可以在春季和秋季导致北部湾海域生源要素发生变化[53],推测本研究中海水重金属季节性分布差异也受上述因素的影响. 同时,重金属也受海洋环境迁移转化过程的影响. 有学者探讨了生物扰动对沉积物重金属分布的影响,指出颗粒重建和洞穴冲水的生物扰动方式可使重金属在水相与沉积物表层间迁移[54]. 也有学者探讨了影响沉积物中重金属迁移转化分布的影响因素,发现硫化物、酸挥发性硫化物、有机组分、沉积物质地、pH、氧化还原电位和水文动力等都可能影响到沉积物重金属的分布[55]. 此外,调查海域临近陆域,相关陆源入海的污染物对重金属的分布变化也会产生一定影响.

    • 按照海水和沉积物的第一类质量标准对北部湾铁山港邻近海域重金属污染状况进行评价,评价结果如表8所示. 调查海域所有站位海水中铜、锌、铬、砷和汞含量均低于一类海水水质标准. 铅在两个季节均有站位超过一类海水水质标准,但都低于二类海水水质标准. 秋季铅超一类海水水质标准站位占比高于春季,且在表层和10 m层均有站位超一类海水水质标准,而春季仅在底层出现超一类水质标准. 单因子标准指数评价结果表明,调查海域春季和秋季沉积物质量较好,无超一类水质标准站位.

    • 本文采用Hakanson(1980)提出的潜在生态风险指数评价法对调查海域的沉积物进行了重金属潜在生态风险评价[17]. 潜在生态风险指数Eri表9所示. 6种重金属Eri值春季由高到低分别为汞>砷>铅>铜>铬>锌,秋季则为汞>铅>铜>铬>砷>锌. 该结果与学者在北部湾海域的研究结果相似[18, 56],调查海域汞和铅的潜在生态风险相对较高. 考虑到该港口区域航运较集中,海域锚地和习惯航线较多,船舶排放烟气含有汞和铅,烟气排放沉降可能是研究海域汞和铅风险高的一个主要原因. 此外,因船舶防腐涂料和航运产生的污染应予以关注[57-58]

    • (1)调查海域重金属总体污染较轻,垂直分布较均匀,平面分布存在显著季节性差异.

      (2)沉积物粒径和TOC是影响沉积物重金属浓度分布变化的主要环境因素.

      (3)单因子标准指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评估结果表明,调查海域汞和铅潜在生态风险较高.

      (4)船舶航行对北部湾海域海水及沉积物中重金属含量变化的影响应予以关注.

    参考文献 (58)

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