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随着工业的发展,人们的生活越来越好,随之也带来了一系列的社会问题,工厂生产过程中造成的污染问题尤为突出. 我国是世界上印染纺织第一大国,印染厂生产过程中产生的大量废水会严重污染水资源,使我国本就存在的水资源短缺问题更加严重. 目前处理污水主要是物理法、化学法、生物法. 物理法是使用吸附剂吸附水中的污染物,这种方法效率高,成本低,但是吸附的污染物需要二次处理,容易造成二次污染. 化学法是使用氧化性强的化学物质对有机污染物进行氧化反应,降解有机污染物. 这种方法处理污染物效率高、彻底,但是成本极其高. 生物法利用微生物的代谢作用分解有机污染物,但是这种方法处理污水需要大量的时间,效率低下,不同污染物需要特定的微生物,而且产生的代谢产物也有可能有害,存在一系列缺点,处理污水仍旧是人类面临的难题.
20世纪70年代初,在日本的神奈川大学的Fujishima教授与东京大学的Honda教授合作研究下首次发现,在太阳光照射,涂有二氧化钛(TiO2)的电极可以将H2O分解为O2与H2[1]. 这是首次直接在室温下直接以太阳光为驱动力,进行一系列化学反应,因此获得了国内外研究者的关注,成为热点研究领域. 目前光催化已在降解有机污染物[2 − 3]、制氢[4]、还原二氧化碳[5]等领域有着广泛的研究.
二氧化钛(TiO2)具有稳定的化学性质、优异的光催化活性和价格低廉等优点[6 − 7],在光催化领域备受关注. 但是存在带隙宽度大,只能吸收紫外光等缺点,导致其光利用率低,限制了其光催化效率,所以寻找可见光响应的催化剂至关重要. 2010年Yi等[8]在《自然》杂志上发表了有关新型可见光催化材料磷酸银(Ag3PO4)的文章,其可以吸收波长小于520 nm的太阳光,具有极其优秀的光催化活性[9 − 11],吸引了学者们的注意力,成为光催化材料新的研究热点. 然而Ag3PO4仍存在光腐蚀、电子-空穴复合率高、稳定性差等缺点[12 − 14],近十年大量学者对提高Ag3PO4的催化活性采取了各种不同的方法,如:改变形貌、贵金属沉积、负载、构建半导体异质结等. 本文对近年来Ag3PO4的相关研究综述,为Ag3PO4的改性研究提供参考.
新型光催化剂磷酸银的研究进展
Research progress of new photocatalyst silver phosphate
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摘要: 磷酸银(Ag3PO4)光催化剂的量子产率高达90%,在可见光照射下具有极强的光催化活性,但是Ag3PO4存在光腐蚀严重、光生电子和空穴寿命短等缺点,限制了其在生活实际的应用. 本文首先介绍了Ag3PO4光催化剂的结构特点、制备方法与反应机理,然后着重评述了通过形貌调控、贵金属沉积、负载、构建半导体异质结等方法改善Ag3PO4的光催化性能以及在降解污染物、光催化制氢、光催化还原CO2中的应用,最后指出目前关于Ag3PO4光催化剂研究中仍存在的不足,对Ag3PO4光催化剂未来的发展趋势进行展望.Abstract: The quantum yield of silver phosphate (Ag3PO4) photocatalyst is as high as 90%, and it has very strong photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. However, Ag3PO4 has the disadvantages of serious photo corrosion, short lifetime of photogenerated electrons and holes, which makes its practical application to life limited. This paper first introduces the structural characteristics, preparation methods and reaction mechanism of Ag3PO4 photocatalyst, then emphatically reviews the improvement of the photocatalytic performance of Ag3PO4 by means of morphology regulation, precious metal deposition, loading, construction of semiconductor heterojunction, and its application in pollutant degradation, photocatalytic hydrogen production, and photocatalytic reduction of CO2. Finally, it points out that there are still shortcomings in the current research on Ag3PO4 photocatalyst, The future development trend of Ag3PO4 photocatalyst was prospected.
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Key words:
- photocatalysis /
- silver phosphate /
- modification /
- environment
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图 2 半导体光催化机理[17]
Figure 2. Semiconductor photocatalytic mechanism[17]
图 5 银源分别为醋酸银、银胺络合物制备的Ag3PO4的SEM图像
Figure 5. The silver source is the SEM image of Ag3PO4 prepared by silver acetate and silver amine complexes respectively, with diamond dodecahedron(a); Cube Ag3PO4 (b)[28]
表 1 Ag3PO4光催化剂制备方法极其优点、缺点
Table 1. Ag3PO4 photocatalyst preparation method has great advantages and disadvantages
制备方法
Preparation method优点
Merit缺点
Shortcoming参考文献
References共沉淀法 反应条件温和,产量高 产物颗粒大,形貌不容易控制 [20 − 21] 水热法 产物具有较高的结晶度、纯度,易于控制形貌尺寸 对设备的要求比较高,具有一定危险性 [22 − 23] 微波辅助法 快速选择性加热、反应速率高、产物收率高和节能 产量低,只适合实验室制备材料 [24] 微波水热法 加热均匀,加热速度快,可以快速地制备具有均匀形貌的半导体纳米颗粒 产量低,对设备要求比较高,不利于大量生产 [25] 模板法 可以制备出具有固定形貌的磷酸银 模板难去除、模板稳定性差 [26 − 27] 表 2 不同形貌的Ag3PO4催化剂
Table 2. Ag3PO4 catalysts with different morphologies
光催化剂
Photocatalyst降解污染物
Degradation of contaminants光源
Light source降解时间/min
Degradation time降解率
Degradation rate参考文献
References菱形Ag3PO4 MO 可见光 4 100% [28] 多面体Ag3PO4 MB 可见光 6 100% [29] 椭球Ag3PO4 MB 可见光 15 100% [30] 不规则Ag3PO4 MB 可见光 15 92% [30] 不规则多面体Ag3PO4 MB 可见光 15 90% [30] 球形Ag3PO4 MB 可见光 40 75% [30] Ag3PO4 RhB 模拟太阳光 10 95.21% [31] 表 3 贵金属沉积型Ag3PO4复合催化剂
Table 3. Precious Metal Deposited Ag3PO4 Composite Catalyst
光催化剂
Photocatalyst降解污染物
Degradation of contaminants光源
Light source降解时间/min
Degradation time降解率
Degradation rate参考文献
ReferencesAg/Ag2S/Ag3PO4 四环素 模拟太阳光 120 95% [34] Ag3PO4/AuNRs MB 可见光 50 99% [35] WO3/Ag/Ag3PO4 RhB 可见光 120 94% [36] Ag/AgFeO2/Ag3PO4 MO 模拟太阳光 60 98% [37] Ag/Ag3PO4/BiPO4 MB 可见光 25 99% [38] Au@Ag3PO4 RhB 可见光 0.833 70% [39] 表 4 负载型Ag3PO4复合催化剂
Table 4. Supported Ag3PO4 Composite Catalyst
光催化剂
Photocatalyst降解污染物
Degradation of contaminants光源
Light source降解时间/min
Degradation time降解率
Degradation rate参考文献
ReferencesAg3PO4/ MWCNT RhB 可见光 50 99.8% [44] 苯酚 可见光 100 90.6% Ag3PO4/ 3D Bombax 结构碳纳米管海绵 四环素 可见光 60 90% [46] Ag3PO4/CoFe2O4/GO RhB 可见光 30 94.5% [48] UCNP@mSiO2-Ag3PO4 RhB 自然光 20 91% [49] RhB 可见光 40 90% Ag3PO4/GaOOH RhB 可见光 60 97.38% [50] Ag3PO4-GR RhB 可见光 2 100% [51] 表 5 Ag3PO4/半导体光催化剂复合催化剂
Table 5. Ag3PO4/Semiconductor Composite Catalyst
光催化剂
Photocatalyst降解污染物
Degradation of contaminants光源
Light source降解时间/min
Degradation time降解率
Degradation rate参考文
献ReferencesAg3PO4/TiO2纳米线 RhB 可见光 60 70% [55] g-C3N4/Ag3PO4/Ag RhB 可见光 60 100% [56] Ag3PO4/g-C3N4 HCHO 可见光 600 22.4% [57] Ag3PO4/ZnO-IO RhB 模拟太阳光 240 31.95% [58] ZnO/Ag3PO4 RhB 紫外光 20 100% [59] 可见光 40 100% Ag3PO4/ZnO纳米线 MB 紫外光 30 98.16% [22] CdS-Ag3PO4 MB 可见光 60 60% [60] -
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