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近年来,由于人口的增长和污水处理厂的扩建,污泥的数量大大增加,成为污水处理的主要副产物[1]。欧盟每年至少产生5000万t含水率约为80%的污泥[2],而我国污泥年产量也达到3200 — 5200万t,并以每年约10%的速度增长[3]。污泥中通常含有多种有毒物质,如重金属、难降解有机物、寄生虫卵和致病性微生物。因此,安全有效处理处置污泥至关重要[4]。近年来,热解已发展成为一种安全可持续的污泥处理技术[5],这是因为热解技术不仅可以减少污泥体积、杀死污泥病原微生物,还可以生成可利用的热解气、液态生物燃料和污泥生物炭[6]。污泥生物炭是污泥热解后产生的固体碳质残渣[7],由于其具有比表面积较大、孔隙结构复杂和表面官能团丰富等特点[8],目前已被广泛地应用为土壤改良修复剂[7, 9]和水处理吸附剂[10],且具有更为广阔的应用潜力。然而研究表明,污泥热解后80%的重金属都富集在污泥生物炭中[11],这是由于热解温度(300—600 °C)低于污泥中大多数重金属化合物的沸点,因而大部分重金属残留于污泥生物炭中并造成重金属的富集[12];且污泥生物炭中的重金属可能在酸雨等特定环境条件下,由于pH的变化而浸出,这将导致对环境的进一步污染[13];释放的重金属也可以通过食物链迁移,对人类健康构成威胁[14]。如何将重金属固定在污泥生物炭中使其不易释放一直是污泥无害化处理和资源化利用的难题。有研究表明,污泥生物炭的重金属固定效率依赖于其特定的化学形态[15]。因此,深入了解污泥生物炭中重金属形态分布的特征及影响因素,是探索污泥生物炭中重金属固定化新途径的前提[16-17]。
本文将首先总结污泥及污泥生物炭的重金属及其形态分布研究现状,然后从预处理方式、热解条件和添加剂三个方面,来探讨不同参数对污泥热解生物炭的重金属形态分布的影响及机理。
污泥热解生物炭中重金属化学形态分布的影响因素研究进展
Research progress on influence factors on heavy metals chemical speciation distribution in sludge pyrolysis biochar
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摘要: 重金属生态风险问题一直制约着污泥及污泥热解生物炭的资源化利用,而重金属生态风险在很大程度上取决于其化学形态。近年来,污泥及其生物炭的重金属形态分布研究得到了广泛关注,已成为当前环境科学的研究热点。本文首先综述分析了市政污水污泥的重金属含量及其形态分布特征,然后从预处理方式(常规干燥、水热)、热解条件(温度、时间)以及添加剂(农林废弃物、催化剂)三方面分析了影响污泥热解生物炭的重金属形态分布关键因子及机理,通过调控这些影响因素可以促进污泥生物炭中的重金属由不稳定形态(酸提取态F1及可还原态F2)向稳定形态(可氧化态F3和残渣态F4)转变,从而降低污泥生物炭的重金属潜在生态风险。最后,基于研究现状提出了未来的研究方向。本文可为进一步研究污泥热解生物炭的重金属固定化提供重要参考。Abstract: The ecological risk of heavy metals has been restricting the resource utilization of sludge and its pyrolytic biochar. And the risk depends on the chemical speciation of heavy metals. Recently, the research on the speciation distribution of heavy metals in sludge and biochar has received extensive attention, which becomes a research hotspot in environmental science. This paper reviewed the analysis of the heavy metal content of sewage sludge and its distribution characteristics. And then the key factors and mechanism affecting the speciation distribution of heavy metals in sludge pyrolysis biochar were analyzed from three aspects: pretreatment methods (conventional drying, hydrothermal pretreatment), pyrolysis conditions (temperature, time) and additives (agricultural, forestry wastes and catalysts). By adjusting these influencing factors, the heavy metal speciation of sludge biochar can be changed from unstable forms (exchangeable and acid soluble fraction F1 and reducible fraction F2) to stable forms (oxidizable fraction F3 and residual fraction F4). So this reduces the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in sludge biochar. Finally, the future research direction was proposed based on the current research. This paper provides an important reference for the further study on the immobilization of heavy metals in sludge pyrolysis biochar.
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Key words:
- sludge biochar /
- pyrolysis /
- heavy metal /
- chemical speciation /
- mechanism
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表 1 Tessier法及改进的BCR法的生态毒性与生物有效性[12, 15]
Table 1. Chemical forms, ecotoxicity and bioavailability of heavy metals by Tessier and Improved BCR methods[12, 15]
Tessier 5 步法
Tessier 5 steps method改进BCR法
Improved BCR method生态毒性及生物有效性
Ecotoxicity and bioavailability可交换态(F1) 酸提取态(F1) 直接的生态毒性及生物有效性 碳酸盐结合态(F2) 铁锰氧化物结合态(F3) 可还原态(F2) 直接的生态毒性及生物有效性 有机硫化物结合态(F4) 可氧化态(F3) 潜在的生态毒性及生物有效性 残渣态(F5) 残渣态(F4) 几乎不具备生态毒性和生物有效性 表 2 污泥热解过程中的重金属污染程度及生态风险评价指标
Table 2. Various assessment indices applied to evaluate the contamination and ecological risk of heavy metals during the pyrolysis treatment of sewage sludge
指数名称
Index name描述
Description分类
Category参考文献
References潜在生态风险因子(ER):
单一重金属的生态风险$ {C}_{f}={C}_{i}/{C}_{n} $ $ {E}_{r}={T}_{r}\times {C}_{f} $
式中, 是单个重金属的污染因子;$ {C}_{f} $ 是重金属的不稳定形态含量之和;$ {C}_{i} $ 是稳定形态含量;$ {C}_{n} $ 是重金属的$ {T}_{r} $
毒性响应因子ER≤40 低风险
40<ER≤80 中等风险
80<ER≤160 相当大风险
160<ER≤320 高风险
320<ER 极高风险[15] 潜在生态风险指数(RI):
多种金属生态风险$ \mathrm{R}\mathrm{I}=\displaystyle\sum _{n=1}^{n}{E}_{r}^{n} $
式中,n为重金属的种类数RI≤150 低风险
150<ER≤300 中等风险
300<ER≤600 相当大风险
600<RI 高风险[14] 风险评估指数(RAC):
单一重金属生态风险$ \mathrm{R}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{C}=\frac{{C}_{{\rm{F}}1}}{\displaystyle\sum _{i=1}^{n}{C}_{{\rm{F}}i}}\times 100\% $
式中, 为重金属F1形态含量;$ {C}_{{\rm{F}}1} $ 为重金属含量总和; n=4$ \displaystyle\sum _{i=1}^{n}{C}_{Fi} $ RAC≤1% 无风险
1%<RAC≤10% 低风险
10%<RAC≤30% 中等风险
30%<RAC≤50% 高风险
50%<RAC 极高风险[23] 表 3 市政污水污泥中的重金属含量(mg·kg-1)
Table 3. Heavy metals’ contents in municipal sewage sludge
类型
TypeCu Zn Cd Cr Ni Mn Pb As Hg 参考文献References 市政污水污泥 117.53 666.67 6.30 61.38 77.27 — 110.28 — — [28] 4917.58 6709.81 5.26 5469.95 752.25 — 62.95 — — [29] 279.71 1287.83 1.78 103.82 33.91 227.91 59.77 15.66 1.33 [30] 181.70 1126.28 4.58 150.65 140.79 811.53 150.72 — 3.10 [25] 571.05 2649.72 — 442.62 115.05 — 26.77 — — [31] 290.97 1202.18 — 416.02 40.62 — 41.45 16.21 — [32] 266.06 1345.51 2.12 514.24 84.64 1065.83 — — — [17] −1200 −2500 — −500 −100 −750 −90 — — [16] 925.60 2956.90 — 59.70 24.50 — 57.50 — — [13] 3323.90 2424.20 1.65 1983.80 422.00 — 69.70 — — [12] 1217.71 2579.81 — 449.21 112.10 748.31 95.11 — — [14] 127.9 1055.2 3.4 74.8 30.3 — 30.4 — — [33] 498.4 1548.7 1.6 424.5 203.4 624.7 — 25.1 — [34] 6.56 441.23 0.38 17.22 141.63 — 2.36 — — [35] 含量范围 5—5000 400—7000 0.3—10 15—5500 20—800 200—1100 2—160 −20 −3 表 4 污泥与农林废弃物共热解过程中重金属形态分布行为
Table 4. Speciation and distribution of heavy metals during the co-pyrolysis of sludge and agricultural and forestry wastes
生物质
Biomass重金属
Heavy metals添加量/%
Addition rate热解温度/°C
Temperature主要工作
Main work参考文献
References稻壳 Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Mn、Ni 50 400 、700 纯污泥炭RI=432,稻壳-污泥炭RI=40 [41] 稻草 Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni 10—40 600 Cu:F4比例提高5%—10%,Cd:F4比例提高20%—50% [61] 棉花秸秆 Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Mn 50 300—600 污泥炭RI=30.83—52.88,棉花秸秆-污泥炭RI=4.81—6.11 [40] 玉米秸秆 Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr、Mn 25—75 600 Mn、Ni、Pb:F4比例提高5%—20% [62] 榛子壳 Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni 50 300—700 F1、F2→F3、F4,RI=147.31—339.54 [28] 竹木屑 Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Mn、Ni 50 400—600 F1、F2、F3→F4,污泥炭RI=109.1—425.3,竹木屑-污泥炭RI=43.1—92.1 [16] 核桃壳 Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni 20 500 Cu、Ni、Cr:F1、F2→F3、F4
污泥炭RAC=0.74%—43.32%,核桃壳-污泥炭RAC=0.62%—38.7%[23] Pb 、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni 5、7、9 350—600 污泥炭RI=5.81,核桃壳-污泥炭RI=4.95 [63] 表 5 近年来催化剂对于污泥重金属形态分布的影响
Table 5. Effect of catalysts on the speciation and distribution of heavy metals in sludge in recent years
催化剂 Catalyst 主要成分
Main component添加量/%wt
Addition rate形态转化
Form transformation主要工作
Main work参考文献
ReferencesCaO
Fe2O3__ 10 F1、F2、F3→F4 (Zn、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Cd) RI = 28.19—48.76(无催化剂)
RI = 15.17—20.43(CaO)
RI = 16.88—21.79(Fe2O3)[72] CaSO4 __ 2.5、5、7.5、10、12.5、15 F1、F2→F4(Zn、Pb、Cr)
F4→F1、F3(Cu)
F4→F1、F2、F3(Ni)Cr、Pb、Cu、Ni 和Zn (F3+F4)/总量:
97%、89%、100%、87%和54%[70] CaO
高岭土
Ca-膨润土SiO2、Al2O3 20 F1、F3→F4(Ni)
F3→F4(Pb)
F1、F2→F4(As)RI = 7.55—9.13(CaO)
RI = 8.14—11.10(高岭土)
RI = 10.67—12.57(Ca-膨润土)[32] CuCl2 __ 0.5、0.6、0.8、1.0 F1、F2→F3、F4(Pb、Ni)
F3→F4(Zn)
F4→F2、F3(Cr)(F3+F4)/总量:Cr降低10%,
Ni提高13%[13] 挖掘废渣 复杂有机物以及营养物质 25 F1、F2→F3、F4(Cr、Cu、Zn) RI由116.8降至50以下 [31] 抗生素菌渣 抗生素、蛋白质、脂肪以及糖 10、25、50 F1、F2、F3→F4(Cu、Zn)
F1、F2→F3、F4(Ni、Cd、Pb)RI由131.47降至75.55 [75] 塑料 聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯 20 F1、F2→F3、F4(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr) RI:污泥炭=107.86
塑料-污泥炭=71.48—105.27[76] -
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