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河道藻类大量繁殖不仅会造成水华,而且藻类会释放大量的胞内有机质 (intracellular dissolved organic matter, I-DOM) ,导致水体化学需氧量 (chemical oxygen demand, COD) 升高,产生色、嗅、味等水质问题,给水质净化带来挑战[1-2]。I-DOM在河道会参与一系列光化学过程和生物化学过程,这些过程会加快I-DOM的降解,有利于降低I-DOM对饮用水安全的不利影响[3];同时,这些过程也导致I-DOM的分子组分发生变化,影响其在河道中的迁移转化和环境效应[4-5]。因此,有必要研究I-DOM的光降解和生物降解机制。
I-DOM是水环境中溶解性有机质 (dissolved organic matter, DOM) 的重要来源之一,I-DOM中各组分的丰度可能与总体DOM有所不同。分子特征不同的DOM在光照和生物作用下会表现出不同的降解特性[6]。HANSEN等[7]研究表明,低分子量、低氧化度以及脂肪族含量较高的DOM分子,如蛋白质、碳水化合物和有机酸,易被生物降解。微生物也能改变有机物的形态,产生分高子量的芳香物质,比如黄腐酸和腐殖酸;高分子量、高芳香性的DOM分子易被光照分解为低分子量有机化合物或完全氧化为无机物,如溶解无机碳 (dissolved inorganic carbon, DIC) 、CO2或CO[8];此外,光照也会影响DOM的生物降解特性[9]。BERTILSSON等[10]的研究发现,光照可以产生易被生物利用的低分子量酸或醛,促进生物降解;而CORY等[11]的研究表明,光照将可生物降解的DOM直接矿化或将其转化为不可生物降解的DOM,抑制生物降解。BITTAR等[2]通过培养铜绿微囊藻,并提取I-DOM探究其光-生物降解特性,结果表明铜绿微囊藻来源I-DOM的光降解和生物降解之间存在竞争关系。
I-DOM具有复杂的化学和结构组成。孙伟等[3]研究发现,太湖蓝藻I-DOM中主要含有类腐植酸和类色氨酸2种物质:类腐植酸物质在紫外光下可以快速降解,在可见光条件下降解很慢,而类色氨酸物质在紫外和可见光条件下均能快速降解。张巧颖等[9]研究发现,太湖蓝藻I-DOM在生物降解过程中,类色氨酸组分的含量逐渐降低,类腐殖质组分变化趋势复杂,其先下降后增加,随后又下降。目前的研究主要应用三维荧光光谱来研究I-DOM的组成、来源和降解特性,缺乏新的表征方法从分子层面解释光降解、生物降解以及有无光照条件对生物降解过程的影响;此外,关于河道藻类来源I-DOM光-生物降解过程中光降解和生物降解间的协同/竞争机制需要进一步探究。
本研究拟通过光化学降解、生物降解以及光-生物降解实验,研究I-DOM在光照和微生物作用下的降解规律,使用傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱 (fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass, FT-ICR MS) 以期从分子层面探究I-DOM在光降解、生物降解以及二者协同/竞争作用机制,以期为河道水质调控提供参考。
河道藻源胞内有机质光化学-生物降解机制
Photochemical-biodegradation mechanism of intracellular dissolved organic matter from river algae
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摘要: 藻细胞破裂后会向水体释放大量的胞内有机质 (intracellular dissolved organic matter, I-DOM) 。I-DOM在河道中将经历复杂的光降解和生物降解过程,影响其在河道中的迁移转化和环境效应。为了探明光照和微生物对I-DOM的降解机制,开展了光降解、生物降解和光-生物降解实验。结果表明,I-DOM经7 d光降解和生物降解后,溶解性有机碳 (dissolved organic carbon, DOC) 的去除率分别为70%和81%;虽然光照1 d能去除38%的DOC,但后续生物降解 (光-生物降解) 与无光照生物降解对DOC的去除效率一致。进一步的研究表明,生物降解过程中的呼吸商 (respiratory quotient, RQ) 低于光-生物降解过程,说明相比于生物降解过程,光-生物降解过程中经光照后生物呼吸时所利用I-DOM的性质发生了改变,进而影响了生物呼吸时O2的消耗和CO2的产生。生物降解过程中微生物主要利用原始的I-DOM分子;而在光-生物降解过程中,生物降解过程的微生物主要利用经光降解转化后的I-DOM分子。光-生物降解过程中,光照消耗了I-DOM中可生物降解的脂质、蛋白质和木质素类组分,导致I-DOM的生物降解效率降低;同时,光照将I-DOM中的大分子物质分解成高O/C的小分子物质,使微生物代谢需要的O2减少,小分子物质则更易被生物降解矿化生成CO2,导致RQ升高。本研究结果可为河道水质调控提供参考。
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关键词:
- 生物降解 /
- 光降解 /
- 胞内有机质 /
- 傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱
Abstract: The rupture of algal cells leads to the release of a significant amount of intracellular dissolved organic matter (I-DOM) into the aquatic environment. I-DOM undergo complex photodegradation and biodegradation processes in river, affecting its migration, transformation and environmental effects. To investigate the degradation mechanism of I-DOM by irradiation and microorganisms, photodegradation, biodegradation, and photo-biodegradation experiments were conducted. The results showed that after 7 days of photodegradation and biodegradation, the removal rates of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of I-DOM were 70% and 81%, respectively. Although irradiation for one day can remove 38% of DOC, the subsequent biodegradation (photo-biodegradation) removal efficiency of DOC was the same as that of non-irradiation biodegradation. Further research showed that the respiratory quotient (RQ) during biodegradation process was lower than during photo-biodegradation process, indicating that compared with the biodegradation process, the properties of I-DOM used by microbial respiratory after irradiation in the photo-biodegradation process changed, further affecting the consumption of O2 and the production of CO2 during biological respiration. In the process of biodegradation, microorganisms mainly used the original I-DOM molecules, while in the process of photo-biodegradation, microorganisms mainly used the I-DOM molecules transformed by photodegradation. In the process of photo-biodegradation, irradiation consumed the biodegradable lipid, protein and lignin components in I-DOM, resulting in a decrease in the biodegradation efficiency of I-DOM. At the same time, irradiation decomposes high molecular weight I-DOM into low molecular weight I-DOM with high O/C, reducing the O2 required for microbial metabolism. The low molecular weight substances were more likely to be biodegraded and mineralized to produce CO2, resulting in a significant increase in RQ. This study contributes to our understanding of the migration and transformation of I-DOM in rivers and provides reference for water quality control. -
表 1 I-DOM原始样品和降解后的FT-ICR MS表征
Table 1. I-DOM FT-ICR MS characterization of initial and after degradation samples
分子水平参数 原始 光降解 生物降解 光-生物降解 分子数 2167 809 2790 2677 H/C 1.61 1.47 1.39 1.38 O/C 0.31 0.35 0.37 0.38 AImod 0.10 0.16 0.19 0.19 平均分子量 431 374 418 407 DBE 5.24 6.18 7.28 7.10 DBE-O −0.56 −0.04 0.49 0.18 NOSC −1.00 −0.77 −0.64 −0.61 -
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