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由于人类活动干扰和自然过程导致大量污染物进入自然水体,所造成的环境污染已严重威胁生态安全、人类健康以及经济发展等. 而自然水体中污染物的迁移、转化以及生物可利用性强烈受到矿物水界面的地球化学过程(如吸附、沉淀、溶解以及多相催化等)影响[1-2]. 因此,通过调控矿物与环境污染物的地球化学过程以此强化矿物对环境污染物的净化能力,被认为是解决自然水体污染的有效途径之一[3-4].
铁的氢氧化物(羟基氧化铁)和氧化物(以下简称铁氧化物)在地表环境中分布广泛、资源丰富、价格低廉并具有大的比表面积、活跃氧化还原性以及电子输运能力,且与环境相容性好,是环境自净化的重要贡献者[5-7]. 在黑暗环境中,铁氧化物可通过化学吸附和静电引力吸附去除环境中的污染物,污染物的吸附量取决于铁氧化物的表面性质,如比表面积、表面羟基密度、表面电荷等,所涉及的吸附机制主要包括静电引力、配体交换、疏水作用、熵效应、氢键结合、离子架桥等[6, 8-10]. 例如,铁氧化物对砷(As)具有良好的亲和力,是自然环境中一种最重要的固定砷的吸附剂[5, 9]. Yu等的研究表明水铁矿依靠自身大的比表面积和高的活性羟基密度对As(V)有很好的吸附能力,吸附容量高达160 mg·g−1[11]. 而在光照条件下,具有半导体性质的铁氧化物(如针铁矿、赤铁矿)被光激发产生光生电子与空穴,其中光生电子转移至分子氧后可以形成O2·−,O2·−可以继续得电子和质子生成H2O2,H2O2又进一步发生反应生成·OH,所产生的活性氧物种可使有机污染物降解甚至矿化. 铁氧化物光催化降解有机污染物己被广泛研究[12-22]. 李芳柏教授团队[23]发现,土壤中的纤铁氧化物、磁赤铁矿、赤铁矿在紫外光与可见光下辐射下均可降解双酚A. 另一方面,光(<580 nm)的引入可以促使Fe(Ⅲ)光解还原成Fe(Ⅱ),而Fe(Ⅱ)在一定程度上可以通过活化分子氧产生活性氧物种[24]. 两种途径所产生的H2O2与Fe(Ⅱ)构成Fenton反应,可产生强氧化性的·OH. 虽然铁氧化物具有一定的光化学活性,但众多研究结果显示其光化学活性却很低[25- 26].
自然环境中天然有机物(如草酸、腐殖酸等)常与铁氧化物共存于自然水体和土壤,能与其结合形成可溶性络合物. 其中,草酸主要来自植物根系、根系周围微生物和真菌的分泌物,或者酚类物质的降解中间产物,自然水体中草酸浓度一般在2.5 × 10−5 mol·L−1 到4.0 × 10−3 mol·L−1之间[27]. 在暗黑环境中,草酸的存在会在一定程度上影响着铁氧化物的化学吸附和静电引力吸附能力[28]. 这是因为草酸与污染物之间存在竞争或者协同吸附,而具体的作用方式与污染物的类型以及草酸浓度有关. Lamy等[29]发现,草酸的存在能促进针铁矿对Cd的吸附,主要是由于草酸在针铁矿与Cd之间担任“架桥”角色. Flynn等[30]运用EXAFS 和ATR-FTIR分析发现草酸与Ni2+可在针铁矿和赤铁矿表面形成三元络合物,而溶解态草酸与Ni2+较容易形成二元络合物,导致针铁矿和赤铁矿吸附Ni2+的效果下降. 由此可见,草酸与铁氧化物之间的相互作用会强烈地影响着环境中的污染物迁移转化,反之亦然. 当引入光照后,光照可为草酸与铁氧化物之间的电子转移过程提供额外的光化学途径,能显著促进草酸-铁氧化物光化学体系中活性氧(O2·−、·OH、H2O2等)的生成,进而提高体系中污染物的降解效率.
目前,铁离子与草酸光化学过程研究介质涉及水体、土壤、空气等,这些研究均表明不同介质中共存的Fe(Ⅲ)与草酸均能在光源照射下活化分子氧产生活性氧物种[23, 31-32]. 铁(Ⅲ)-羧酸盐光化学体系已被证明可诱导多种持久性污染物的光降解,包括含氯除草剂、肥料、双酚、药物等[33-38]. 与此同时,自然光下草酸铁体系的有效光降解能力也已得到证明[39]. 由此,利用天然存在的草酸强化铁氧化物净化环境污染物的能力,被认为可为发展原位环境修复技术提供新契机. 近年来,针对草酸-铁氧化物光化学体系中草酸在铁氧化物表面上的吸附/溶出行为与污染物降解效率、动力学以及途径之间的相关性进行了大量报道. 已涉及的铁氧化物包括针铁矿、纤铁氧化物、赤铁矿、磁赤铁矿和磁铁矿等[26-27, 29-30],而不同结构的铁氧化物光化学活性差异巨大. Huang等[40]通过研究草酸与不同铁氧化物,如赤铁矿、针铁矿、磁铁矿以及磁赤铁矿,与草酸发生光化学反应原位产生活性氧物种降解诺氟沙星. 研究结果发现不同铁氧化物体系诺氟沙星的降解效率不同,其中针铁矿的效果最高,其次为赤铁矿,而磁铁矿与磁赤铁矿光化学效果接近.
对于草酸与铁氧化物的相互作用及光化学过程而言,主要包含以下几个重要过程:(1) 草酸在铁氧化物表面吸附,形成具有高光化学活性的Fe(Ⅲ)-草酸配合物;(2) Fe(Ⅲ)-草酸配合物在光照下,吸收光子,发生光生电荷转移及光分解;(3) 光解产物促进分子氧活化,产生活性氧物种;(4) 活性氧物种降解污染物. 因此,草酸-铁氧化物体系污染物去除效率取决于体系中活性氧的物种形式与含量,而其的产生与转化途径受控于草酸在铁氧化物表面的吸附与转化特性,即草酸与铁氧化物相互作用.
本文综合论述了草酸与铁氧化物相互作用过程含草酸在铁氧化物表面吸附过程和草酸诱导铁氧化物溶出过程、铁氧化物表面和溶于液相中的草酸铁络合物光分解过程以及活化分子氧过程以及各个过程对体系中污染物降解的影响,并对其未来研究方向和应用前景进行了总结与展望.
草酸与铁氧化物相互作用及光化学活化分子氧过程的研究进展
Environmental photochemical behaviors of iron minerals and oxalate and reactive oxygen species generation: A review
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摘要: 草酸与铁氧化物共存于自然环境中,二者之间的相互作用及光化学行为强烈影响着分子氧的活化. 而分子氧活化影响共存体系中污染物的迁移与转化,是发展绿色污染控制氧化技术的关键. 因此,探讨草酸与铁氧化物之间的相互作用与光化学活化分子氧是目前的研究热点之一. 本文系统总结了近年来围绕草酸与铁氧化物相互作用以及草酸诱导铁氧化物活化分子氧的研究成果,论述了草酸在铁氧化表面的吸附与转化特性、草酸铁络合物光化学过程以及活性氧产生与转移途径,同时探讨了上述过程对环境污染物降解的影响,借此加深理解草酸诱导铁氧化物环境光化学行为与活化分子氧原理,并对今后的研究发展方向提出了展望,以期为利用天然铁氧化物和有机质发展原位环境修复技术提供依据.Abstract: Oxalic acid or oxalate (Ox) and iron minerals coexist in the natural environment. The interaction and photochemical behavior between Ox and iron minerals strongly affect the process of molecular oxygen activation. Molecular oxygen activation affects the migration and transformation of pollutants in the coexisting system, which is the key to the development of green pollution control oxidation technology. Therefore, exploring the interaction between Ox and iron minerals and subsequent photochemical activation of molecular oxygen is one of the current research hotspots. This review systematically summarizes the recent research on the interaction between Ox and iron minerals, the adsorption behaviors of Ox on the surface of iron minerals and its conversion features, Fe(Ⅲ)-oxalate complex photolysis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Moreover, the influence of the above process on the degradation of pollutants is also discussed. This review can deepen the understanding of the photochemical transformation of organic contaminants with the activation of molecular oxygen by iron minerals, and put forward the prospect of future research development direction. Furthermore, this review may provide a basis for the development of in situ environmental remediation technologies using natural iron minerals and organic matter.
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Key words:
- oxalate /
- iron mineral /
- photoactivation of molecular oxygen /
- photodegradation /
- Fe-oxalate complex
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图 1 草酸在不同pH溶液中的物种形式[42]
Figure 1. Species forms of oxalic acid in solutions of different pH
图 2 草酸根在铁簇上的理论络合构型[46]
Figure 2. Optimized Ox surface complex geometries on iron clusters
图 3 草酸在铁氧化物表面形成的络合物构型与诺氟沙星降解速率的相关性[40]
Figure 3. Correlation between Ox surface complex geometries on iron oxides and the degradation rate of norfloxacin
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