[1] PlasticsEurope, Plastics - the Facts 2017: An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data[R], 2017. Available from: https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/5715/1717/4180/Plastics_the_facts_2017_FINAL_for_website_one_page.pdf
[2] CARPENTER E, SMITH K L. Plastics on the Sargasso Sea surface [J]. Science, 1972, 175(4027): 1240-1241. doi: 10.1126/science.175.4027.1240
[3] THOMPSON R C, OLSEN Y, MITCHELL R P, et al. Lost at sea: Where is all the plastic? [J]. Science, 2004, 304(5672): 838-838. doi: 10.1126/science.1094559
[4] HIDALGO-RUZ V, GUTOW L, THOMPSON R C, et al. Microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the methods used for identification and quantification [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 46(6): 3060-3075.
[5] ZHANG W W, ZHANG S F, ZHANG Z Y, et al. Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Bohai Sea, China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 231: 541-548. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.058
[6] EERKES-MEDRANO D, THOMPSON R C, ALDRIDGE D C. Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs [J]. Water Research, 2015, 75: 63-82. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.012
[7] BLETTLER M C M, ABRIAL E, KHAN F R, et al. Freshwater plastic pollution: Recognizing research biases and identifying knowledge gaps [J]. Water Research, 2018, 143: 416-424. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.015
[8] LI J Y, LIU H H, CHEN J P. Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review on occurrence, environmental effects, and methods for microplastics detection [J]. Water Research, 2018, 137: 362-374. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.056
[9] KOELMANS A A, MOHAMED N H, HERMSEN E, et al. Microplastics in freshwaters and drinking water: Critical review and assessment of data quality [J]. Water Research, 2019, 155: 410-422. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.054
[10] PRATA J C, DA C J P, DUARTE A C, et al. Methods for sampling and detection of microplastics in water and sediment: A critical review [J]. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2019, 110: 150-159. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.029
[11] DING L, MAO R F, GUO X T, et al. Microplastics in surface waters and sediments of the Wei River, in the northwest of China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 667: 427-434. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.332
[12] HE D F, LUO Y M, LU S B, et al. Microplastics in soils: Analytical methods, pollution characteristics and ecological risks [J]. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2018, 109: 163-172. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.006
[13] MÖLLER J N, LÖDER M G J, LAFORSCH C. Finding microplastics in soils: A review of analytical methods [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2020, 54(4): 2078-2090.
[14] RIBEIRO F, O'BRIEN J W, GALLOWAY T, et al. Accumulation and fate of nano- and micro-plastics and associated contaminants in organisms [J]. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2018, 111: 139-147.
[15] SHAHABALDIN R, JUNBOUM P, MOHD F M D, et al. Microplastics pollution in different aquatic environments and biota: A review of recent studies [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2018, 133: 191-208. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.022
[16] BROWNE M A, DISSANAYAKE A, GALLOWAY T, et al. Ingested microscopic plastic translocates to the circulatory system of the Mussel, Mytilus edulis (L. ) [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42(13): 5026-5031.
[17] DERRAIK J G B. The Pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2002, 44(9): 842-852. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5
[18] TEUTEN E L, SAQUING J M, KNAPPE D R, et al. Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife [J]. Philosophical transactions - Royal Society. Biological Sciences, 2009, 364(1526): 2027-2045. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0284
[19] SUHRHOFF T J, SCHOLZ-BOTTCHER B M. Qualitative impact of salinity, UV radiation and turbulence on leaching of organic plastic additives from four common plastics - A lab experiment [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2016, 102(1): 84-94. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.054
[20] KOELMANS A A, BESSELING E, FOEKEMA E M. Leaching of plastic additives to marine organisms [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2014, 187: 49-54. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.12.013
[21] ROCHMAN C M, HOH E, HENTSCHEL B T, et al. Long-term field measurement of sorption of organic contaminants to five types of plastic pellets: implications for plastic marine debris [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(3): 1646-1654.
[22] LIU X M, SHI H H, XIE B, et al. Microplastics as both a sink and a source of Bisphenol A in the marine environment [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(17): 10188-10196.
[23] ROCHMAN C M, MANZANO C, HENTSCHEL B T, et al. Polystyrene plastic: A source and sink for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the marine environment [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(24): 13976-13984.
[24] WARDROP P, SHIMETA J, NUGEGODA D, et al. Chemical pollutants sorbed to ingested microbeads from personal care products accumulate in fish [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(7): 4037-4044.
[25] SONG X W, WU X F, SONG X P, et al. Sorption and desorption of petroleum hydrocarbons on biodegradable and nondegradable microplastics [J]. Chemosphere, 2020,273: 128553.
[26] MSFD Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter, Guidance on monitoring of marine litter in european seas. A guidance document within the common implementation strategy for the marine strategy framework directive[M]. European Commission, 2013.
[27] MASURA J, BAKER J, FOSTER G, et al. Laboratory methods for the analysis of microplastics in the marine environment: Recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles in waters and sediments[R], NOAA Technical Memorandum, 2015. Available from: https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/sites/ default/files/publications-files/noaa_microplastics_methods_manual.pdf.
[28] CLAESSENS M, MEESTER S D, LANDUYT L V, et al. Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in marine sediments along the Belgian coast [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2011, 62(10): 2199-2204. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.06.030
[29] KUSUI T, NODA M. International survey on the distribution of stranded and buried litter on beaches along the Sea of Japan [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2003, 47(1/6): 175-179.
[30] SUL J A I D, SPENGLER A, COSTA M F. Here, there and everywhere. Small plastic fragments and pellets on beaches of Fernando de Noronha (Equatorial Western Atlantic) [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2009, 58(8): 1236-1238. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.05.004
[31] NUELLE M T, DEKIFF J H, REMY D, et al. A new analytical approach for monitoring microplastics in marine sediments [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2014, 184: 161-169. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.027
[32] IMHOF H K, SCHMID J, NIESSNER R, et al. A novel, highly efficient method for the separation and quantification of plastic particles in sediments of aquatic environments [J]. Limnology & Oceanography Methods, 2012, 10: 524-537.
[33] CRAWFORD C B, QUINN B. 9-Microplastic separation techniques[M]. Microplastic Pollutants. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2017: 203-218.
[34] CLAESSENS M, VAN C L, VANDEGEHUCHTE M B, et al. New techniques for the detection of microplastics in sediments and field collected organisms [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2013, 70(1/2): 227-233.
[35] KEDZIERSKI M, LE T V, C G, et al. Efficient microplastics extraction from sand. A cost-effective methodology based on sodium iodide recycling [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2017, 115(1/2): 120-129.
[36] QUINN B, MURPHY F, EWINS C. Validation of density separation for the rapid recovery of microplastics from sediment [J]. Analytical Methods, 2016, 9(9): 1491-1498.
[37] DRIS R, IMHOF H, SANCHEZ W, et al. Beyond the ocean: contamination of freshwater ecosystems with (micro-)plastic particles [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2015, 12(5): 539-550. doi: 10.1071/EN14172
[38] IMHOF H K, WIESHEU A C, ANGER P M, et al. Variation in plastic abundance at different lake beach zones-A case study [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 613/614: 530-537.
[39] HORTON A A, SVENDSEN C, WILLIAMS R J, et al. Large microplastic particles in sediments of tributaries of the River Thames, UK-Abundance, sources and methods for effective quantification [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2016, 114(1): 218-226.
[40] COPPOCK R L, COLE M, LINDEQUE P K, et al. A small-scale, portable method for extracting microplastics from marine sediments [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 230: 829-837. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.017
[41] ZHANG K, SU J, XIONG X, et al. Microplastic pollution of lakeshore sediments from remote lakes in Tibet plateau, China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2016, 219: 450-455. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.048
[42] XIONG X, ZHANG K, CHEN X C, et al. Sources and distribution of microplastics in China's largest inland lake - Qinghai Lake [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 235: 899-906. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.081
[43] CORCORAN P L, BIESINGER M C, GRIFI M. Plastics and Beaches: A Degrading Relationship [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2009, 58(1): 80-84. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.08.022
[44] PAGTER E, FRIAS J, NASH R. Microplastics in Galway Bay: A comparison of sampling and separation methods [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2018, 135: 932-940. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.013
[45] CRICHTON E M, NOL M, GIES E A, et al. A novel, density-independent and FTIR-compatible approach for the rapid extraction of microplastics from aquatic sediments [J]. Analytical Methods, 2017, 9(9): 1419-1428. doi: 10.1039/C6AY02733D
[46] MANI T, FREHLAND S, KALBERER A, et al. Using castor oil to separate microplastics from four different environmental matrices [J]. Analytical Methods, 2019, 11(13): 1788-1794. doi: 10.1039/C8AY02559B
[47] KARLSSON T M, VETHAAK A D, ALMROTH B C, et al. Screening for microplastics in sediment, water, marine invertebrates and fish: Method development and microplastic accumulation [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2017, 122(1/2): 403-408.
[48] ZOBKOV M B, ESIUKOVA E E. Evaluation of the munich plastic sediment separator efficiency in extraction of microplastics from natural marine bottom sediments [J]. Limnology & Oceanography Methods, 2017, 15(11): 967-978.
[49] DESFORGES J P W, GALBRAITH M, ROSS P S. Ingestion of microplastics by Zooplankton in the Northeast Pacific Ocean [J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, 2015, 69(3): 320-330.
[50] ZHAO S Y, DANLEY M, WARD J E, et al. An approach for extraction, characterization and quantitation of microplastic in natural marine snow using Raman microscopy [J]. Analytical Methods, 2016, 9(9): 1470-1478.
[51] MAES T, JESSOP R, WELLNER N, et al. A rapid-screening approach to detect and quantify microplastics based on fluorescent tagging with Nile Red [J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7: 44501. doi: 10.1038/srep44501
[52] COLE M, LINDEQUE P, HALSBAND C, et al. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2011, 62(12): 2588-2597. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025
[53] CATARINO A I, THOMPSON R, SANDERSON W, et al. Development and optimization of a standard method for extraction of microplastics in mussels by enzyme digestion of soft tissues [J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2017, 36(4): 947-951. doi: 10.1002/etc.3608
[54] DEHAUT A, CASSONE A L, FRERE L, et al. Microplastics in seafood: Benchmark protocol for their extraction and characterization [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2016, 215: 223-233. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.018
[55] NAIDOO T, GOORDIYAL K, GLASSOM D, Are nitric acid (HNO3) digestions efficient in isolating microplastics from Juvenile Fish? [J]. Water Air & Soil Pollution, 2017, 228(12): 470.
[56] MUNNO K, HELM P A, JACKSON D A, et al. Impacts of temperature and selected chemical digestion methods on microplastic particles [J]. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 2017, 37(1): 91-98.
[57] 李陵云, 朱静敏, 李佳娜, 等. 水生生物样品中微塑料的提取和分离方法综述 [J]. 海洋环境科学, 2019, 38(2): 187-191. doi: 10.12111/j.mes20190204 LI L L, ZHU J M, LI J N, et al. Review on methods for extraction and isolation of microplastics in aquatic organisms [J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2019, 38(2): 187-191(in Chinese). doi: 10.12111/j.mes20190204
[58] FOEKEMA E M, GRUIJTER C D, MERGIA M T, et al. Plastic in North Sea Fish [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(15): 8818-8824.
[59] QIU Q X, TAN Z, WANG J D, et al. Extraction, enumeration and identification methods for monitoring microplastics in the environment [J]. Estuarine Coastal & Shelf Science, 2016, 176: 102-109.
[60] KUHN S, WERVEN V B, OYEN V A, et al. The use of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution as a suitable approach to isolate plastics ingested by marine organisms [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2017, 115(1/2): 86-90.
[61] WAGNER J, WANG Z M, GHOSAL S, et al. Novel method for the extraction and identification of microplastics in Ocean Trawl and Fish Gut Matrices [J]. Analytical Methods, 2016, 9(9): 1479-1490.
[62] AVIO C G, GORBI S, REGOLI F. Experimental development of a new protocol for extraction and characterization of microplastics in fish tissues: First observations in commercial species from Adriatic Sea [J]. Marine Environmental Research, 2015, 111: 18-26. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.06.014
[63] HURLEY R R, LUSHER A L, OLSEN M, et al. Validation of a method for extracting microplastics from complex, organic-rich, environmental matrices [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018, 52(13): 7409-7417.
[64] LÖDER M G J, GERDTS G. Methodology Used for the detection and identification of microplastics—A critical appraisal[B]. Springer, Cham, 2015: 201-227. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_8
[65] FELSING S, KOCHLEUS C, BUCHINGER S, et al. A new approach in separating microplastics from environmental samples based on their electrostatic behavior [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 234: 20-28. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.013
[66] GRBIC J, NGUYEN B, GUO E, et al. Magnetic extraction of microplastics from environmental samples [J]. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 2019, 6(2): 68-72.
[67] 王昆, 林坤德, 袁东星. 环境样品中微塑料的分析方法研究进展 [J]. 环境化学, 2017, 36(1): 27-36. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2017.01.2016051704 WANG K, LIN K D, YUAN D X. Research progress on the analysis of microplastics in the environment [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2017, 36(1): 27-36(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2017.01.2016051704
[68] MILLER M E, KROON F J, MOTTI C A. Recovering microplastics from marine samples: A review of current practices [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2017, 123(1/2): 6-18.
[69] DEVRIESE L I, VAN D M, MYRA D, et al. Microplastic contamination in brown shrimp (Crangon crangon, Linnaeus 1758) from coastal waters of the Southern North Sea and Channel area [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2015, 98(1/2): 179-187.
[70] LUSHER A, WELDEN N, SOBRAL P, et al. Sampling, isolating and identifying microplastics ingested by fish and invertebrates [J]. Analytical Methods, 2016, 9(9): 1346-1360.