[1] ZHAI S X, JACOB D J, WANG X, et al. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) trends in China, 2013–2018: Separating contributions from anthropogenic emissions and meteorology [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2019, 19(16): 11031-11041. doi: 10.5194/acp-19-11031-2019
[2] KAUR S, NIEUWENHUIJSEN M J. Determinants of personal exposure to PM2.5, ultrafine particle counts, and CO in a transport microenvironment [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009, 43(13): 4737-4743.
[3] VALAVANIDIS A, FIOTAKIS K, VLACHOGIANNI T. Airborne particulate matter and human health: Toxicological assessment and importance of size and composition of particles for oxidative damage and carcinogenic mechanisms [J]. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2008, 26(4): 339-362. doi: 10.1080/10590500802494538
[4] 许悦, 王可, 刘雪梅, 等. 室内外PM2.5中金属元素的污染特征及来源 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2018, 38(4): 1257-1264. XU Y, WANG K, LIU X M, et al. Pollution characteristics and sources of metal elements in indoor and outdoor PM2.5 [J]. China Environmental Science, 2018, 38(4): 1257-1264(in Chinese).
[5] LI X Y, CLARK S, FLOESS E, et al. Personal exposure to PM2.5 of indoor and outdoor origin in two neighboring Chinese communities with contrasting household fuel use patterns [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 800: 149421. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149421
[6] FANG B, ZENG H, ZHANG L, et al. Toxic metals in outdoor/indoor airborne PM2.5 in port city of Northern, China: Characteristics, sources, and personal exposure risk assessment [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2021, 279: 116937. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116937
[7] 冉铮, 杨柳, 韩坤, 等. 2012—2019年天津市公交站微环境空气质量改善 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2021, 41(10): 4549-4555. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2021.10.009 RAN Z, YANG L, HAN K, et al. Improvement of microenvironmental air quality in Tianjin bus stations from 2012 to 2019 [J]. China Environmental Science, 2021, 41(10): 4549-4555(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2021.10.009
[8] 柯钊跃, 王佳, 郑君瑜, 等. 广州市学龄儿童在校期间PM2.5暴露水平评价 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2011, 31(10): 1618-1624. KE Z Y, WANG J, ZHENG J Y, et al. PM2.5 exposure assessment of school children at a primary school in Guangzhou, China [J]. China Environmental Science, 2011, 31(10): 1618-1624(in Chinese).
[9] 邓芙蓉, 王欣, 苏会娟, 等. 北京市某城区儿童大气PM2.5个体暴露水平及影响因素研究 [J]. 环境与健康杂志, 2009, 26(9): 762-765. DENG F R, WANG X, SU H J, et al. Personal exposure to PM2.5 of children living near traffic road and the influencing factors in Beijing [J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 2009, 26(9): 762-765(in Chinese).
[10] STEINLE S, REIS S, SABEL C E, et al. Personal exposure monitoring of PM2.5 in indoor and outdoor microenvironments [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 508: 383-394. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.003
[11] 李友平, 范忠雨, 李坤, 等. 不同出行方式PM2.5个体暴露及其影响因素 [J]. 环境化学, 2015, 34(8): 1408-1416. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2015.08.2015012610 LI Y P, FAN Z Y, LI K, et al. Commuter exposure to PM2.5 and its influencing factors in different commuting modes [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2015, 34(8): 1408-1416(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2015.08.2015012610
[12] LIU M, GUO W T, CAI Y Y, et al. Personal exposure to fine particulate matter and renal function in children: A panel study [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 266: 115129. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115129
[13] CHEN X C, CHUANG H C, WARD T J, et al. Indoor, outdoor, and personal exposure to PM2.5 and their bioreactivity among healthy residents of Hong Kong [J]. Environmental Research, 2020, 188: 109780. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109780
[14] LIN C, HU D Y, JIA X, et al. The relationship between personal exposure and ambient PM2.5 and black carbon in Beijing [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 737: 139801. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139801
[15] LI Y Q, XU H M, WANG J H, et al. Personal exposure to PM2.5-bound organic species from domestic solid fuel combustion in rural Guanzhong Basin, China: Characteristics and health implication [J]. Chemosphere, 2019, 227: 53-62. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.010
[16] LI F, YAN J J, WEI Y C, et al. PM2.5-bound heavy metals from the major cities in China: Spatiotemporal distribution, fuzzy exposure assessment and health risk management [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 286: 124967. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124967
[17] 何瑞东, 张轶舜, 陈永阳, 等. 郑州市某生活区大气PM2.5中重金属污染特征及生态、健康风险评估 [J]. 环境科学, 2019, 40(11): 4774-4782. HE R D, ZHANG Y S, CHEN Y Y, et al. Heavy metal pollution characteristics and ecological and health risk assessment of atmospheric PM2.5 in a living area of Zhengzhou City [J]. Environmental Science, 2019, 40(11): 4774-4782(in Chinese).
[18] 胡月琪, 郭建辉, 张超, 等. 北京市道路扬尘重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险 [J]. 环境科学, 2019, 40(9): 3924-3934. HU Y Q, GUO J H, ZHANG C, et al. Pollution characteristics and potential ecological risks of heavy metals in road dust in Beijing [J]. Environmental Science, 2019, 40(9): 3924-3934(in Chinese).
[19] 徐映如, 凌利民, 沈俊毅, 等. 上海市虹口区PM2.5中重金属和类重金属污染特征及健康风险评价 [J]. 职业与健康, 2021, 37(15): 2100-2105. XU Y R, LING L M, SHEN J Y, et al. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals and metalloids in atmospheric PM2.5 in Hongkou District of Shanghai [J]. Occupation and Health, 2021, 37(15): 2100-2105(in Chinese).
[20] NIU Y Y, WANG F, LIU S M, et al. Source analysis of heavy metal elements of PM2.5 in canteen in a university in winter [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2021, 244: 117879. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117879
[21] LI P H, YU J, BI C L, et al. Health risk assessment for highway toll station workers exposed to PM2.5-bound heavy metals [J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2019, 10(4): 1024-1030. doi: 10.1016/j.apr.2019.01.011
[22] WANG F, ZHOU Y Y, MENG D, et al. Heavy metal characteristics and health risk assessment of PM2.5 in three residential homes during winter in Nanjing, China [J]. Building and Environment, 2018, 143: 339-348. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.07.011
[23] 刘建伟, 晁思宏, 陈艳姣, 等. 北京市不同年龄人群PM2.5载带重金属的健康风险 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2018, 38(4): 1540-1549. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2018.04.042 LIU J W, CHAO S H, CHEN Y J, et al. Health risk of PM2.5-bound heavy metals for different age population in Beijing, China [J]. China Environmental Science, 2018, 38(4): 1540-1549(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2018.04.042
[24] 刘素萍, 肖冻, 黄居梅, 等. 2014—2017年济南市城区细颗粒物中致癌金属元素季节性特征及来源分析 [J]. 预防医学论坛, 2019, 25(3): 226-228,231. LIU S P, XIAO D, HUANG J M, et al. PM2.5 Analysis on seasonal variation and source analysis of carcinogenic heavy metals in PM2.5, Jinan city, 2014-2017 [J]. Preventive Medicine Tribune, 2019, 25(3): 226-228,231(in Chinese).
[25] 张晓凯, 于蕾, 孙苗苗, 等. 济南市春季大气中PM2.5、PM10颗粒物分布状态及元素分析 [J]. 科学技术与工程, 2018, 18(25): 278-285. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2018.25.044 ZHANG X K, YU L, SUN M M, et al. Distribution and elemental analysis of particulate matter PM2.5, PM10 in the atmosphere of spring in Jinan City [J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2018, 18(25): 278-285(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2018.25.044
[26] 孙湛, 刘素萍, 张谊, 等. 济南市PM2.5中金属及类金属元素季节性变化及相关性分析 [J]. 环境卫生学杂志, 2017, 7(5): 403-407. SUN Z, LIU S P, ZHANG Y, et al. Seasonal variation and correlation of metals and metalloids elements in PM2.5 in Jinan City [J]. Journal of Environmental Hygiene, 2017, 7(5): 403-407(in Chinese).
[27] CHENG M T, TANG G Q, LV B, et al. Source apportionment of PM2.5 and visibility in Jinan, China [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2021, 102: 207-215. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.09.012
[28] LI Y Y, YANG L X, CHEN X F, et al. Indoor/outdoor relationships, sources and cancer risk assessment of NPAHs and OPAHs in PM2.5 at urban and suburban hotels in Jinan, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2018, 182: 325-334. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.03.058
[29] 张伟, 姬亚芹, 张军, 等. 辽宁省典型城市道路尘PM2.5成分谱研究 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2018, 38(2): 412-417. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2018.02.002 ZHANG W, JI Y Q, ZHANG J, et al. Study on the road dust source profile of PM2.5 in Liaoning Province typical cities [J]. China Environmental Science, 2018, 38(2): 412-417(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2018.02.002
[30] U. S. EPA. Exposure Factors Handbook 2011 Edition (Final Report). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-09/052F, 2011[R]. [2022-03-05].https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/efp/recordisplay.cfm?deid=236252.
[31] 环境保护部. 中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)[M]. 北京: 中国环境出版社, 2013. Ministry of Environmental Protection. Exposure factors handbook of Chinese population[M]. Beijing, China Environmental Science Press, 2013(in Chinese).
[32] US EPA. Integrated Risk Information System[R]. [2022-03-05]. http://www.epa.gov/iris/.
[33] GAO P, LEI T T, JIA L M, et al. Exposure and health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound trace metals during winter in university campus in Northeast China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 576: 628-636. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.126
[34] WU D L, LIN M, CHAN C Y, et al. Influences of commuting mode, air conditioning mode and meteorological parameters on fine particle (PM2.5) exposure levels in traffic microenvironments [J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2013, 13(2): 709-720. doi: 10.4209/aaqr.2012.08.0212
[35] LI T T, BAI Y H, LIU Z R, et al. Air quality in passenger cars of the ground railway transit system in Beijing, China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2006, 367(1): 89-95. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.01.007
[36] KAUR S, NIEUWENHUIJSEN M, COLVILE R. Personal exposure of street canyon intersection users to PM2.5, ultrafine particle counts and carbon monoxide in Central London, UK [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2005, 39(20): 3629-3641. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.02.046
[37] 项琳琳, 刘东, 左鑫. 上海市五类公共建筑室内PM2.5浓度的实测研究 [J]. 建筑热能通风空调, 2016, 35(5): 6-11. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-0344.2016.05.002 XIANG L L, LIU D, ZUO X. Test study on PM2.5 concentration distribution and influence factors of five types of public buildings in Shanghai [J]. Building Energy & Environment, 2016, 35(5): 6-11(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-0344.2016.05.002
[38] 崔小波, 牛丕业, 郭伟, 等. 北京市10家医院室内空气PM2.5监测报告 [J]. 心肺血管病杂志, 2011, 30(1): 67-70. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-5062.2011.01.019 CUI X B, NIU P Y, GUO W, et al. Indoor air concentrations of PM2.5 in 10 hospitals in Beijing [J]. Journal of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases, 2011, 30(1): 67-70(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-5062.2011.01.019
[39] 郑德生, 滕克强, 冯月明, 等. 不同场所室内外PM2.5浓度水平及其气象特征研究 [J]. 中国公共卫生管理, 2017, 33(1): 28-31. ZHENG D S, TENG K Q, FENG Y M, et al. Research on level of PM2.5 fine particles concentration and meteorological characteristics in different places [J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health Management, 2017, 33(1): 28-31(in Chinese).
[40] 李凤华, 吴琳, 张静, 等. 典型道路路边空气颗粒物及无机元素特征分析 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2017, 37(7): 2460-2469. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2017.07.007 LI F H, WU L, ZHANG J, et al. Characteristic analysis of inorganic elements in PM2.5 and PM10 at urban roadside environment [J]. China Environmental Science, 2017, 37(7): 2460-2469(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2017.07.007
[41] World Health Organization. Air quality guidelines: global update 2005: particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide [M]. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe, 2006, https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/107823.