[1] Lehmann J, Joseph S.Biochar for environmental management: science and technology[M]. London:Earthscan,2009
[2] Skjemstad J O,Reicosky D C,Wilts A R, et al. Charcoal carbon in U.S. agricultural soils[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2002,66(4):1249-1255
[3] Bridgewater A V. Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal processing of biomass[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2003,91(2/3):87-102
[4] Grossman J M, O'Neill B E, Tsai S M, et al. Amazonian anthrosols support similar microbial communities that differ distinctly from those extant in adjacent, unmodified soils of the same mineralogy[J]. Microbial Ecology,2010, 60:192-205
[5] Laird D,Fleming P,Wang B Q, et al. Biochar impact on nutrient leaching from a Midwestern agricultural soil[J]. Geoderma, 2010, 158 (3/4): 436-442
[6] 王典, 张祥, 姜存仓,等. 生物质炭改良土壤及对作物效应的研究进展[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2012, 20(8): 963-967
[7] 张晗芝,黄云,刘钢,等. 生物炭对玉米苗期生长、养分吸收及土壤化学性状的影响[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(11): 2713-2717
[8] 陈红霞,杜章留,郭伟,等.施用生物炭对华北平原农田土壤容重、阳离子交换量和颗粒有机质含量的影响[J]. 应用生态学报,2011, 22(11): 2930-2934
[9] Zhang A F, Cui L Q, Pan G X, et al. Effect of biocharamendment on yield and methane and nitrous oxide emissionsfrom a rice paddy from Tai Lake plain,China[J].Agriculture, cosystems and Environment, 2010, 139(4):469-475
[10] Rondon M, Lehmann J, Ramirez J, et al. Biological nitrogen fixation by common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) increases with biochar additions [J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2007, 43(6):688-708
[11] Strelko V, Malik D J, Streat M. Characterisation of the surface of oxidised carbon adsorbents[J]. Carbon, 2002, 40(1): 95-104
[12] 吕殿青,邵明安. 土壤干湿收缩特征研究进展[J].土壤通报,2003,34(3):225-228
[13] Liang B, Lehmann J, Sohi S P, et al.Black carbon affects the cucling of non-black carbon in soil[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 2010. 41(2): 206-213
[14] 张文玲,李桂花,高卫东. 生物质炭对土壤性状和作物产量的影响. 中国农学通报, 2009,25(17):153-157
[15] Keiluweit M, Kleber M. Molecular-level interactions in soils and sediments: The role of aromatic systems[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2009,43(10):3421-3429
[16] Yang Y N, Sheng G Y. Enhanced pesticide sorption by soils containing particlate matter from crop residue burns[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2003,37(16):3635-3639
[17] 李力, 刘娅, 陆宇超,等. 生物炭的环境效应及其应用的研究进展[J]. 环境化学, 2011. 30(8): 1411-1421
[18] 安增莉,侯艳伟,蔡超,等. 水稻秸秆生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性[J].环境化学, 2011,30(11): 1851-1857
[19] Kasozi G N, Zimmerman A R,Nkedi-Kizza P,et al. Catechol and humic acid sorption onto a range of laboratory produced black carbons(Biochars)[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2010,44(16):6189-6195
[20] Nguyen T H,Cho H H,Poster D L,et al.Evidence for a pore-filling mechanism in the adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbons to a natural wood char[J].Environ Sci Technol,2007,41:1212-1217
[21] Yu X Y, Ying G G, Kookana R S. Reduced plant uptake of pesticides with biochar additions to soil[J]. Chemosphere, 2009,76(6):665-671
[22] Qiu Y P, Xiao Y X,Cheng H Y, et al. Influence of environmental factors on pesticide adsorption by black carbon: pH and model dissolved organic matter[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2009,43 (13):4973-4978
[23] Zhu D Q,Kwon S,Pignatello J J.Adsorption of single-ring organic compounds to wood charcoals prepared under different thermochemical conditions[J].Environ Sci Technol,2005,39:3990-3998
[24] Chen B L,Chen Z M.Sorption of naphthalene and 1-naphthol by biochars of orange peels with different pyrolytic temperatures[J].Chemosphere,2009,76:127-133
[25] 王宁,侯艳伟,彭静静,等, 生物炭吸附有机污染物的研究进展[J]. 环境化学, 2012, 31(3): 287-294
[26] Bornemann L C,Kookana R S,Welp G.Differential sorption behavior of aromatic hydrocarbons on charcoals prepared at different temperatures from grass and wood[J]. Chemosphere, 2007, 67: 1033-1042
[27] Ding Y, Liu Y X, Wu W X, et al. Evaluation of biochar effects on nitrogen retention and leaching[J].Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2010,213(1/4): 47-55
[28] 杨磊,陈清松,赖寿莲,等.竹炭对甲醛的吸附性能研究[J]. 林产化学与工业, 2005, 25(1): 77-80
[29] Yang Y N,Chun Y,Sheng G Y,et al.pH-dependence of pesticide adsorption by wheat-residue-derived black carbon[J]. Langmuir, 2004, 20: 6736-6741
[30] 史明, 胡林潮,黄兆琴,等.生物质炭的加入对土壤吸附菲能力以及玉米幼苗对菲吸收量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2011. 30(5): 912-916
[31] Oleszczuk P, Hale S E, Lehmann J, et al. Activated carbon and biochar amendments decrease pore-water concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sewage sludge[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2012,111:84-91
[32] 花莉, 陈英旭, 吴伟祥, 等. 生物质炭输入对污泥施用土壤-植物系统中多环芳烃迁移的影响[J].环境科学, 2009,30(8): 2419-2424
[33] Jones D L, Edwards-Jones G, Murphy D V. Biochar mediated alterations in berbicide breakdown and leaching in soil[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2011,43(4): 804-813
[34] 余向阳,王冬兰,母昌立.生物质炭对敌草隆在土壤中的慢吸附及其对解吸行为的影响[J].江苏农业学报, 2011,27(5): 1011-1015
[35] Novak J M, Busscher W J, Laird D L, et al. Impact of biochar amendment on fertility of a southeastern coastal plain soil[J]. Soil Science, 2009,174: 105-112
[36] Uchimiya M, Klasson K T, Wartelle L H, et al. Influence of soilproperties on heavy metal sequestration by biochar amendments: 1. Copper sorption isotherms and the release of cations[J]. Chemosphere, 2011,82: 1431-1437
[37] Fellet G, Marchiol L,Peressotti A, et al. Application of biochar on mine tailings: Effects and perspectives for land reclamation[J]. Chemosphere, 2011, 83:1262-1297
[38] Cao X, Harris W. Properties of dairy-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use in remediation[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2010,101(14):5222-5228
[39] Glaser B, Lehman J, Zech W. Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal: A view[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2002, 35: 219-223
[40] 朱庆祥.生物炭对Pb、Cd污染土壤的修复试验研究.重庆: 重庆大学硕士论文, 2011
[41] Cao X D,Ma L N,Gao B, et al. Dairy-manure derived biochar effectively sorbs lead and atrazine[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2009,43 (9):3285-3291
[42] 佟雪娇,李九玉,袁金华,等.稻草炭对溶液的Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附作用[J].环境化学, 2012,31(1):64-68
[43] 林爱军,张旭红,苏玉红,等.骨炭修复重金属污染土壤和降低基因毒性的研究[J].环境科学, 2007,28(2): 232-235
[44] Lehmann J, Jose Pereira da silva Jr., Christoph Steiner, et al. Nutrient availability and leaching ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin:fertilizer,manure and charcoal amendments[J]. Plant and Soil, 2003,249: 343-357
[45] 郝晓伟, 黄益宗, 崔岩山,等. 赤泥和骨炭对污染土壤 As化学形态及其生物可给性的影响[J]. 环境化学, 2010,29(3): 383-387
[46] Masscheleyn P H, Delaune R D, Patrick W H. Effect of redox potential and pH on arsenic speciation and solubility in a contaminated soil[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 1991, 25: 1414-1419
[47] Mohan D, Pittman Jr C U. Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbants e a critical review[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007, 142:1-53
[48] Beesley L, Marmiroli M. The immobilisation and retention of soluble arsenic,cadmium and zinc by biochar[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2011, 159: 474-480
[49] Namgay T, Singh B, Singh B P. Influence of biochar application to soil on the availability of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn to maize (Zea mays L.)[J]. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 2010,48: 638-647
[50] Jeffery S, Verheijen F G A, van der Velde M,et al. A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environmental, 2011,144:175-187
[51] Beesley L, Moreno-Jiménez E, Gomez-Eyles J L, et al. A review of biochars' potential role in the remediation, revegetation and restoration of contaminated soils[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2011, 159:3269-3282
[52] Oguntunde P G, Fosu M, Ajayi A E, et al. Effects of charcoal production on maize yield, chemical properties and texture of soil[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2004,39(4): 295-299
[53] Van Z L, Kimber S,Morris S,et al. Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility[J]. Plant Soil, 2010,327: 235-246
[54] Major J, Rondon M, Molina D, et al. Maize yield and nutrition during 4 years after biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol[J]. Plant and Soil, 2010,333:117-128
[55] Lehmann C J, Rondon M. Biochar soil management on highly-weathered soils in the tropics//Biological approaches to sustainable soil systems[M]. N.T. Uphoff Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2006:517-530
[56] Rondon M, Ramrez J, Lehmann J. Charcoal additions reduce net emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Proceedings of the 3rd USDA Symposium on Greenhouse Gases and Carbon Sequestration in A griculture and Forestry. Maryland, 2005
[57] Taghizadeh-Toosi A, Clough T J, Condron L M, et al. Biochar incorporation into pasture soil suppresses in situnitrous oxide emissions from ruminant urine patches[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2011,40: 468-476
[58] Asaih H, Samson B K, Stephan H M, et al. Biochar amendment techniques for upland rice production in Northern Laos. 1. Soil physical properties, leaf SPAD, and grain yield[J]. Field Crop Research, 2009,111: 81-84
[59] Brussaard L, de Ruiter P C, Brown G G. Soil biodiversity for agriculturalsustainability[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2007, 121:233-244
[60] Lehman J,Matthias C, Rillig J T, et al., Biochar effects on soil biota-A review[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2011,43: 1812-1836
[61] Schimel J, Balser T C, Wallenstein M. Microbial stress-response physiology and its implications for ecosystem function[J]. Ecology, 2007,88:1386-1394
[62] Malik K A. Use of activated charcoal for the preservation of anaerobic phototrophic and other sensitive bacteria by freeze-drying[J]. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 1990, 12: 117-124
[63] Noguera D, Rondón,Laossi K R, et al. Contrasted effect of biochar and earthworms on rice growth and resourve allocation in different soils[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2010,42(7): 1017-1027
[64] Thies J E, Rillig M. Characteristics of biochar: biological properties//Lehmann J, Joseph S. Biochar for environmental management: Science and technology[M]. London, Earthscan,2009:85-105
[65] Pietikinen J, Kiikkil O, Fritze H. Charcoal as a habitat for microbes and its effects on the microbial community of the underlying humus[J]. Oikos, 2000,89:231-242
[66] Kumar S, Jain M C, Chhonkar P K. A note on the stimulation of biogas production from cattle dung by addition of charcoal[J]. Biological Wastes, 1987,20:1209-1215
[67] Kim J S, Sparovek S, Longo R M,et al. Bacterial diversity of terra preta and pristine forest soil from the Western Amazon[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2007, 39: 648-690
[68] Taketani R G, Tsai S M. The influence of different land uses on the structure of archaeal communities in Amazonian Anthrosols based on 16S rRNA and amoA genes[J]. Microbial Ecology,2010,59:734-743
[69] Jin H. Characterization of microbial life colonizing biochar and biochar-amended soils. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, PhD Dissertation, 2010
[70] Craig R Anderson, Leo M Condron, Tim J Clough, et al. Biochar induced soil microbial community chang: Implications for biogeochemical cycling of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus[J]. Pedobiologia, 2011,54: 309-320
[71] Lehmann J. A handful of carbon[J]. Nature, 2007,447:143-144
[72] Clough T J, Bertram J E, Ray J L, et al. Unweathered wood biochar impact on nitrous oxide emissions from a bovine-urine-amended pasture soil[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2010,74:852-860
[73] Gryndler M, Larsen J, Hrselovac H, et al. Organic and mineral fertilization, respectively, increase and decrease the development of external mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a long term field experiment[J]. Mycorrhiza, 2006, 16: 159-166
[74] Killham K. A physiological determination of the impact of environmental stress on the activity of microbial biomass[J]. Environmental Pollution, 1985,Series A(38): 283-294
[75] Chan K Y, Xu Z. Biochar for Environmental Management Science and Technology : Biochar : nutrient properties and their enhancement[M]. London:Earthscan, 2009:67-84
[76] Chan K Y, Van Zwieten L, Meszaros I, et al. Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments[J]. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 2008, 46: 437-444
[77] Boyer S, Wratten S D. The potential of earthworms to restore ecosystem services after opencast miningA review[J]. Basic and Applied Ecology, 2010,11:196-203
[78] Topoliantz S, Ponge J F. Charcoal consumption and casting activity by Pontoscolex corethrurus (Glossoscolecidae)[J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2005,28:217-224
[79] Topoliantz S, Ponge J F, et al. Burrowing activity of the geophagous earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae) in the presence of charcoal[J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2003,23:267-271
[80] Lavelle P. Earthworm activities and the soil system[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 1988, 6: 237-259
[81] DeLuca T H, MacKenzie M D, Gundale M J.Biochar for Environmental management science and technology: Biochar effects on soil nutrient transformations[M]. London:Earthscan, 2009 :251-270
[82] 宋洋,王芳,杨兴伦,等.生物质炭对土壤中氯苯类物质生物有效性的影响及评价方法[J]. 环境科学, 2012.,33(1): 169-174
[83] Fagervold S K, Chai Y, Davis J W, et al. Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans in E. fetida from floodplain soils and the effect of activated carbon amendment[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2010,44: 5546-5552
[84] Gomez-Eyles J L, Sizmur T, Collins C D, et al. Effects of biochar and the earthworm Eisenia fetida on the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potentially toxic elements[J]. Environmental Pollution,159: 616-622
[85] Liesch A, Weyers S, Gaskin J, et al. Impact of two different biochars on earthworm growth and survival[J]. Annals of Environmental Science, 4: 1-9
[86] Matlack G R. Factors determining the distribution of soil nematodes in a commercial forest landscape[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2001,146:129-143
[87] Phillips D H, Foss J E, Buckner E, Response of surface horizons in an oak forest to prescribed burning[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2000. 64: 754-760
[88] Moore J C, Walter D E, Hunt H W. Arthropod regulation of micro- and mesobiota in below-ground detrital food webs[J]. Annual Reviews of Entomology, 1988,33: 419-439
[89] McLeod P B, van den Heuvel-Greve M J, Luoma S N, et al. Biological uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls by Macoma balthica from sedimentamended with activated carbon[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2007,26:980-987
[90] Millward R N, Bridges T S, Ghosh U, et al. Addition of activated carbon to sediments to reduce PCB bioaccumulation by a poly-chaete (Neanthes arenaceodentata) and an amphipod (Leptocheirus plumulosus)[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2005,39:2880-2887
[91] 刘玉学, 刘微, 吴伟祥.土壤生物质炭环境行为与环境效应[J]. 应用生态学报, 2009,20(4): 977-982
[92] Accardi D A,Gschwend P M. Assessing the combined roles of natural organic matter and black carbon as sorbents in sediments[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2002,36:21-29
[93] Liang B, Lehmann J, Solomon D. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils[J]. Soil Science Society of America, 2006,70(5):1719-1730
[94] 袁金华,徐仁扣. 生物质炭的性质及其对土壤环境功能影响的研究进展[J]. 生态环境学报, 2011,20(4): 779-785
[95] Nguyen B, Lehmann J. Black carbon decomposition under varying water regimes[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 2009, 40:846-853
[96] Cheng C H, Lehmann J, Thies J E, et al. Oxidation of black carbon by biotic and abiotic processes[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 2006, 37: 1477-1488
[97] Chen B L, Zhou D D, Zhu L Z. Transitional adsorption and partition of nonpolar and polar aromatic contaminants by biochars of pine needles with different pyrolytic temperatures[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2008, 42: 5137-5143
[98] Sharma R K, Wooten J B, Baliga V L, et al. Characterization of chars from pyrolysis of lignin[J]. Fuel, 2004,83: 1469-1482
[99] 冯小江, 伊松林, 张齐生, 热解条件对农作物秸秆炭性能的影响[J].北京林业大学学报, 200,31(1): 182-184
[100] 陈宝梁,周丹丹,朱利中,等.生物碳质吸附剂对水中有机污染物的吸附作用及机理[J].中国科学B辑:化学,2008,38(6):530-537
[101] Chen B L, Xing B S. Sorption and conformational characteristics of reconstituted plant cuticular waxes on montmorillonite[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2005,39(21): 8315-8323
[102] Chen B L, Johnson E J, Chefetz B, et al. Sorption of polar and nonpolar aromatic organic contaminants by plant cuticular materials: The role of polarity and accessibility[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2005, 39: 6138-6146
[103] Okimori Y, Ogawa M, Takahashi F. Potential of CO2 emission reductions by carbonizing biomass waste from industrial tree plantation in Sumatra, Indonesia[J]. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2003, 8(3): 261-280
[104] Demirbas A. Effects of temperature and particle size on biochar yield from pyrolysis of agricultural residues[J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2004, 72(2): 243-248
[105] Katyal S, Thambimuthu K, Valix M. Carbonisation of bagasse in a fixed bed reactor: Influence of process variables on char yield and characteristics[J]. Renewable Energy, 2003,28(5): 713-725
[106] Keiluweit M, Nico P S, Johnson M G, et al. Dynamic molecular structure of plant-derived black carbon (biochar)[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2010, 44: 1247-1253