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膜生物反应器(MBR)是结合传统的活性污泥工艺与膜过滤工艺的污水处理设备。与传统的活性污泥法相比,MBR具有很多优势[1-2],如出水质量好、污泥产量相对较低、占地面积小等。因此,膜过滤工艺已广泛应用于环境领域和工业领域。然而MBR中存在复杂的多相流,其水力特征难以通过实验得到充分的研究。计算流体动力学(CFD)是非常强大的流体模拟分析工具[3-4],能获取整个MBR流场、膜表面剪切力分布等信息,从而为设计MBR提供理论指导。
现阶段,膜生物反应器最大的缺点是由于控制膜污染而产生的高运行成本[5]。在降低膜污染的各类方法中[6],曝气工艺是最为简单有效的方法之一。MBR系统中的曝气工艺能通过气泡运动产生剪切应力,从而去除附着在膜表面的污垢。提高曝气强度,虽能有效控制膜污染,却容易造成膜的机械损坏及高能耗。在大型MBR污水厂中,能耗支出大约占总运营支出的60%[1]。曝气工艺的能耗分别约占MBR总能源需求的60%[1]和平板膜组件总能源需求的80%[7]。因此,优化平板膜组件的几何特征以及曝气工艺运行条件能有效降低MBR系统的总能耗。
大量研究表明,膜表面剪切应力是评价膜过滤性能的关键参数之一。LEBERRE等[8]在早期研究中建议最好使用膜面剪切应力来衡量错流对于膜污染控制的影响。此后,膜过滤过程中产生的膜面剪切应力与膜污染控制之间的关系通过实验与数值模拟得到了充分研究[9-13]。WRAY等[13]发现了膜污染率在施加剪切应力的情况下显著低于未施加剪切应力的情况。CHAN等[9]发现了剪切应力的大小、持续时间长短和频率都会影响膜污染。所有这些研究表明,剪切应力是衡量膜过滤性能的良好指标,并且通常增加剪切应力可以增加膜渗透通量。然而,鲜有研究关注气泡运动所产生的剪切应力以及曝气平板膜组件中气泡群的最佳尺寸[14]。目前,仅有少数研究测量了平板膜组件中气泡群引起的剪切应力,而且侧重点各不相同。其中DUCOM等[15]定义了通过两相流与通过单相流所产生剪切应力之比,并发现在平板膜组件中相较于单相流,两相流条件下剪切应力得到了增强。但是他们采用的实验装置较小,选择的膜间距也较小,并不符合实际应用中的平板膜组件。
为了理解平板膜系统中的复杂多相流过程,目前,已有若干研究针对膜系统中的两相流进行了实验以及数值分析[16-18]。由于研究对象是较小膜间距下的两相流,这种情况下包括剪切应力在内的各关键性参数难以用实验手段获取,因此,多数学者采用了计算流体力学(CFD)方法进行研究。NDINISA等[19]描述了浸没式平板膜中的气液两相流特性,同时,通过研究包括膜间距、曝气速率、气泡大小等在内的多种水力学参数,确认了考虑减缓膜污染时的最佳两相流条件。然而,在这些关于气泡运动的数值研究中,多数学者采用欧拉-欧拉方法来模拟MBR中的气液流。这种方法将气泡视为具有固定直径的球体,因此,其变形、破裂及合并等相互间的作用无法被考虑在内。由于这种方法未考虑气泡的行为,导致模拟计算出的剪切应力可能并不准确[20]。而作为另一种多相流建模手段,流体体积(VOF)方法可以考虑到单个气泡的运动和变形。大多数研究采用VOF方法的MBR模拟均是在二维[21]或非常小的三维模型[19]中进行的,可能导致模拟结果与实际结果相差甚远。PRIESKE等[22]模拟了膜通道中单个气泡的上升,其模型高度为1 500 mm。然而由于应用了对称边界条件,其结果可能并不准确。在相关研究中,仅WANG等[23]使用了VOF方法研究平板膜组件中的新型曝气策略。然而,在兼顾模型高度与气泡间相互作用情况下,尚未发现有任何数值研究分析MBR平板膜组件的常规曝气策略。简而言之,目前仅有相当有限的研究[16-17]集中于平板膜组件的曝气过程。
因此,本研究基于VOF技术的数值模拟,可深入地探讨平板膜曝气过程中的流体动力学特性,以便更深入地了解平板膜组件中的曝气过程,达到优化膜组件设计和运行条件的目的,从而降低MBR系统的总能耗和运行成本。本研究首先研究了单个气泡在不同结构和操作参数下的运动情况,并将实验数据与模拟数据进行了对比,然后通过模拟分析单个气泡及气泡群所产生的剪切应力,从而为MBR的设计与运行提供参考。
MBR平板膜中气泡运动的水力特征的数值分析
Numerical analysis of hydrodynamic characteristics induced by bubble movements in flat sheet membrane
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摘要: 膜污染是膜生物反应器系统在污水和废水处理应用中最主要的问题之一。针对这一问题,通过计算流体动力学(CFD)仿真模拟,研究了单个气泡以及气泡群在平板膜中的水力学特征,包括气泡速度和膜表面剪切应力等,以达到优化膜组件几何特征和运行条件的目的。模拟结果表明,对于单个气泡而言,随着气泡尺寸的增加,气泡上升速度开始随着直径的增加而升高,在气泡直径为4 mm时,其可达到最大值,随后随着直径的增加反而降低。此外,对于直径为4 mm的气泡,随着膜间隙距离的增加,气泡上升速度明显呈升高的趋势,而剪切应力呈现下降趋势。考虑到实际运行中的膜堵塞问题,建议在平板膜组件中使用7 mm的膜间距,以适当增强膜表面剪切应力。气泡群的模拟结果表明,当膜间液相上升流速较大时,气相和液相所产生的剪切应力相当。而当膜间液相上升流速较小时,气相产生的剪切应力占主导。以上研究结果可为膜生物反应器的设计及运行提供参考。Abstract: Membrane fouling is the major obstacle hindering the wide application of membrane bioreactors system (MBR) configured with different membrane modules in wastewater treatment. Aiming at this problem, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was used to study the behaviors of single bubbles and bubble swarms during their rise in the membrane channel, such as the bubble rising rate and shear stress on the membrane surface, and achieve the goal of optimizing the geometrical characteristic module and operating conditions of the flat sheet membrane. The simulation results showed that for single bubble, its velocity first increased with the increase of bubble size (diameter), and reached the maximum value at the bubble diameter of 4 mm, then decreased when bubble size further increased. In addition, for bubbles with diameter of 4 mm, with increasing gap distance of membranes, the bubble rising velocity increased significantly, while the shear stress decreased. Considering the clogging problem in practice, it is recommended that a channel gap depth of 7 mm should be applied to the MBR system for the shear stress enhancement. The simulation results of bubble swarms indicated that the shear stresses in liquid and gas phases were close at high upwards flow rate, while the shear stresses in gas phase dominated at a relatively low flow rate. This work can provide the theoretical basis and technical support for the design and operation of MBR system.
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Key words:
- CFD simulations /
- flat sheet membrane /
- membrane fouling /
- shear stress /
- single bubble /
- bubble swarms
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表 1 由不同长度模型模拟得到的直径为4 mm的单个气泡上升速度
Table 1. Rising velocity of a 4 mm single bubble simulated with in different length models
模型 宽度/mm 气泡上升
速度/(m·s−1)与参照模型的
相对误差/%模型1 8 0.187 13.0 模型2 16 0.208 3.3 模型3 20 0.211 1.9 模型4 24 0.213 0.9 参照模型 40 0.215 — -
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