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厌氧生物处理技术开发至今已有100多年的应用历史,在早期,由于对厌氧作用及其处理效率的误解,因此,在相当长的一段时间内,其发展落后于废水好氧生物处理技术的发展。至20世纪60年代,随着水环境污染加剧以及能源短缺问题日益突出,厌氧生物处理技术被重新重视,并逐渐得到广泛的应用。
从近几十年厌氧技术的发展来看,在微观上,进一步明确了厌氧生物处理的反应机理;在宏观上,厌氧反应器的发展从最初的普通污泥消化池到如今的第3代厌氧反应器,新型的高效厌氧反应器被不断开发,它们共同的特点是:更高的处理负荷;更强的生物截留能力;更佳的传质条件;更稳定的处理效率。
厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)作为第3代厌氧反应器的杰出代表工艺之一,首先是由斯坦福大学的MCCARTY[1]提出的一种高效厌氧反应器。从概念上说,ABR可以表示为一系列垂直安装的折流板分割串联而成的上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器,这些挡板使得废水在反应器中呈现上下流动状态[2-3]。ABR具有结构简单、生物截留能力强、处理效果好、运行管理方便等优点。目前,在高浓度有机废水的发酵产沼气以及中、低浓度难降解工业废水的水解酸化处理上均有一定的应用,具有很高的推广价值。
改良型ABR厌氧反应器(mABR)是将传统ABR的折流板结构设计成波纹折流形式,在保留原有反应器优点的基础上,进一步延长水流在反应器内部的流径,形成更强烈的涡流和湍流扩散作用,从而使整个反应系统的传质效率显著提高,为提高有机物的去除创造更有利的条件[4-5]。LI等[6]通过水力实验得出异波形式ABR比传统ABR水力死区小。
目前,国内外对ABR的研究主要集中在污水处理效果方面,在ABR设计方面大多数依据经验参数,对反应器内部流场无法精确预测[7-11]。计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)是一种解决流体流动和传热以及其他相关物理和生化过程的数值方法,它已被广泛和成功地用于废水处理系统的研究[12-15]。CFD能够提供详细的流场空间分布的有力方法[16],近年来的快速发展进一步促进了人们对废水处理构筑物流场的认识[17]。CFD允许在许多不同的设计约束下使用计算模型,是水处理装置设计和优化的有效工具[18]。刘伟京等[19]通过对苏北某化工园区ABR进行数值模拟改造后,反应器的水力特性、处理效果和抗冲击负荷能力均得到较大的提升。因此,本研究从数值仿真角度,基于CFD-fluent软件平台,对mABR进行两相流(难降解废水水解酸化)和三相流(高浓度有机废水发酵产沼)数值模拟,针对反应器内水流速度及固含率分布特征,探索不同升流速度对反应器内流场及水力特性的影响,为mABR的进一步推广应用提供参考。
基于CFD模拟改良型厌氧折流板反应器(mABR)水力特性
Hydraulic characteristics of modified anaerobic baffled reactor (mABR) based on CFD simulation
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摘要: 改良型厌氧折流板反应器(modified anaerobic baffled reactor,mABR)的处理效率受水力特性的影响很大,而反应器升流室的升流速度又是影响反应器内水力特性的重要参数。使用CFD-fluent软件平台进行二维多相流数值模拟,在难降解废水水解酸化(固-液两相流)与高浓度有机废水发酵产气(气-液-固三相流)条件下,针对水流速度与固含率的变化,探究不同升流速度对反应器内流场特性的影响。结果表明:升流速度的增加及反应器厌氧产气有利于抬升泥水界面,促进泥水混合,提高传质效率;但过高的升流速度将导致污泥流失,使生物量的保持能力下降。通过分析可知,当两相流和三相流升流速度分别为2.0~2.5 m·h−1和1.5~2.0 m·h−1时,水力搅动及固含率分布较为显著,有利于泥水混合,使得反应器去除污染物效率最佳。
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关键词:
- 改良型厌氧折流板反应器(mABR) /
- 多相流 /
- 升流速度 /
- 固含率
Abstract: The treatment efficiency of the modified anaerobic baffled reactor (mABR) is greatly affected by the hydraulic characteristics, which is specifically influenced by upflow velocity of the riser chamber. In this study, two-dimensional multiphase-flow with CFD-fluent software was used to perform the numerically simulation for two-dimensional multi-phase flow. Under conditions of hydrolytic acidification (solid-liquid two-phase flow) of refractory wastewater and fermentation-gas yield (gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow) of high-concentration organic wastewater, when the variations of flow velocity and solid content occurred, the effects of upflow velocity on the flow field characteristics in mABR were investigated.. The results showed that the increase of upflow velocity and anaerobic biogas production was beneficial to the sludge-water interface lifting, sludge-water mixing enhancement and mass-transfer efficiency improvement. However, exorbitant upflow velocity could result in sludge loss and reduce the hold capacity of biomass. As a result analysis, the hydraulic agitation and solid content are preferable for sludge-water mixing at an upflow velocity of 2.0~2.5 m·h−1 for two-phase flow or an upflow velocity of 1.5~2.0 m·h−1 for three-phase flow, achieving the best pollutants removal performance. -
表 1 各相物理参数
Table 1. Physical parameters of each phase
物质 密度/(kg·m−3) 动力黏度/(Pa·s) 粒径/mm 液相(水) 999.8 1.003×10−3 — 固相(污泥颗粒) 1 006 2.001×10−3 1 气相(甲烷) 0.667 9 1.087×10−5 1 -
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