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制革废水经生化处理后尾水中通常含有0.3~1.0 mg·L−1的总铬[1],在制革废水生化剩余污泥中含有1~10 g·kg−1的总铬。活性污泥中微生物的胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance, EPS)主要组分包括多糖(PS)、蛋白质(PN)和核酸等多聚物[2],因其含有大量的羧基、羟基、氨基、磷酸酯等吸附位点,能够通过离子交换、络合、电中和等作用对重金属进行有效固定 [3-4]。EPS对铬的吸附已有许多相关报道。有研究[5]认为,EPS的不同结构层、EPS含量及组分比例和外界环境均会影响重金属在EPS上的吸附。有研究[6]发现,EPS对Cr3+吸附的主要作用位点是羧基和磷酸基,并形成EPS-Cr3+配位物。
EPS一般可分为松散附着型(loosely bound EPS,LB-EPS)、紧密黏附型(tightly bound EPS,TB-EPS)和溶解型EPS(S-EPS)[7]。LASPIDOU等[7]认为,S-EPS与溶解性微生物代谢产物(soluble microbial product,SMP)属同源物质,也是在微生物的内源呼吸过程(BAP)和基质分解过程(UAP)中产生的[8]。许多研究表明,进水基质及污泥种类均影响EPS的组成,不同层EPS上存在不同的金属吸附位点[9],不同结构层中蛋白质和多糖含量的动态变化会影响污泥的吸附速率[10],可溶性EPS具有比结合态EPS更大的质子离子交换能力[11],高度可溶性EPS-Cr3+配位化合物可导致铬在环境中的迁移和蓄积[6]。
随着我国对制革废水总铬排放总量限制指标的日益严格,探索制革生化尾水中残留铬与EPS的相互关系,特别是S-EPS对出水中总铬的影响很有必要。目前,在制革废水生物处理过程中,EPS各结构层的组分变化及金属铬离子在EPS各结构层和SMP中分布情况的研究鲜有报道。本研究在对制革废水各处理阶段的不同层EPS组分定量分析的基础上,重点围绕EPS组分变化与铬的分布规律进行了研究,为制革废水铬排放总量控制和深度处理提供参考。
制革废水处理过程中微生物代谢产物特征及铬分布的解析
Analysis of microbial metabolites characteristics and chromium distribution during tannery wastewater treatment
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摘要: 制革废水生化处理后的出水仍残留低浓度的铬,为揭示微量铬在活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)中的分布及胞外聚合物在生物处理过程中的转化,通过改良热提取法提取生物处理过程中EPS和SMP,测定各组分中多糖、蛋白质、总铬等含量,分析制革废水生物处理中EPS组分的特征、金属铬的分布和EPS各组分含量。结果表明:一级生物处理中EPS的蛋白质和多糖含量均逐渐降低,二级生物处理中EPS含量增加,活性污泥SMP与邻近沉淀池出水组分及溶解性有机物含量具有较强的相似性;铬在不同来源污泥EPS中的分布存在差异,污泥表面吸附及EPS对铬的络合富集、EPS的水解及代谢组分外排的行为均影响铬的迁移;通常,水体中铬首先被S-EPS吸收,经LB-EPS运输渗透至TB-EPS中储存。根据Pearson分析结果,总铬的分布与胞外聚合物中PS/PN及PS含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。以上研究结果可为制革废水铬排放总量控制和深度处理提供参考。Abstract: As an ecological risk, trace amount of chromium commonly remains in the effluent of biochemical treated tannery wastewater. This study aims to clarify chromium distribution in the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in activated sludge and EPS transformation during the biological treatment process. The modified heat extraction method was used to extract EPS and SMP, and the contents of polysaccharides, protein, and total chromium in these extracted components were determined. The EPS component characteristics, chromium distribution and contents of EPS components during biological treatment of tannery wastewater were also analyzed. The results showed that the contents of protein and polysaccharide in the EPS decreased gradually during the primary biochemical treatment, while the EPS content increased during the secondary biological treatment. A strong similarity occurred between SMP in activated sludge and the components in the effluent from the adjacent sedimentation tank, as well as the contents of dissolved organic matter. The chromium distribution was different in the EPS extracted from different sludge, which was affected by sludge surface adsorption, chromium complexation with EPS, the EPS hydrolysis and the release of microbial metabolites. In general, chromium in water body was absorbed by S-EPS, then transported into LB-EPS and TB-EPS in turn. According to the Pearson analysis (P<0.01), the distribution of total chromium was significantly positively correlated with PS/PN and PS content in EPS. The above results provide a reference for total chromium emission control and advanced treatment of tannery wastewater.
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表 1 实验所用活性污泥基本性质
Table 1. Basic properties of activated sludge in experiments
污泥来源 MLSS/(g·L−1) MLVSS/(g·L−1) pH 水解酸化污泥 6.225 2.641 8.8 一级好氧污泥 14.092 6.668 8.0 二级好氧污泥 2.55 1.282 7.9 表 2 胞外聚合物成分含量与Cr分布的相关性
Table 2. Correlation matrix among EPS content and Cr distribution
项目 总Cr DOC PS/PN PS PN EPS总量 Pearson
相关系数P Pearson
相关系数P Pearson
相关系数P Pearson
相关系数P Pearson
相关系数P Pearson
相关系数P 总Cr 1 0.459 0.252 0.787** 0.036 0.890** 0.003 0.266 0.564 0.407 0.148 DOC 1 0.004 0.991 0.589* 0.027 0.941** 0 0.952** 0 PS/PN 1 0.656* 0.028 −0.290 0.386 −0.098 0.740 PS 1 0.463 0.152 0.645** 0.003 PN 1 0.949** 0.000 EPS总量 1 注:** 在 0.01水平下(双尾)显著相关;* 在 0.05 水平下(双尾)显著相关。 -
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