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磷(P)是组成生命物质不可缺少的元素之一,也是构成核酸与三磷酸腺苷(ATP)的重要元素,直接参与生命体能量循环。因此,磷是一切生命体的重要营养元素[1]。磷的获取主要来自于磷矿,通过化肥生产并进入农业生产与人类生活。然而,全球磷矿资源分布严重不均,主要分布于摩洛哥、中国、伊拉克和阿尔及利亚等少数几个国家,约90%的国家几乎没有磷矿储备,只能依赖进口[2]。据估算,若全球化肥消耗保持3%的年增长量,可供开采的磷资源将在未来50年内消耗殆尽[3]。现代社会人类对磷的粗放式开采利用及原生态粪尿返田习惯的逐渐废弃[4]导致磷的自然循环已被破坏。大量磷元素使用后以各种形式进入水体,或诱发水体富营养化,或流入大海沉积下来。从陆地向海洋的磷单向流动使得陆地磷资源逐渐枯竭。因此,磷的可持续利用已成为全球普遍关注的焦点。1998年,第一届磷回收国际会议在荷兰召开以来,从污水/废物中回收磷逐渐被关注和研究。
目前,欧洲、北美、日本等国家和地区已建立了磷回收国家/国际平台,旨在通过磷回收及循环利用最大限度地阻止磷从陆地向海洋的直线流动[1]。欧洲、日本等国家和地区的磷资源十分匮乏,这促使这些国家和地区未雨绸缪,提早开始了磷回收学术、技术与应用的研究与总结,使得其在磷回收技术与应用研究方面处于国际领先地位。如今,磷回收技术已不再是限制其应用的卡脖子难题[5]。未来的挑战在于如何将磷回收产品纳入市场并部分取代开采磷矿,以构建良性的磷回收产品市场[6]。本文参考欧洲、日本等国家和地区的磷回收技术应用案例及市场化经验,分析不同磷回收位点的技术特征,并总结相关国家在该领域的政策与措施,以期为我国解决磷危机提供参考。
国际上主要污水磷回收技术的应用进展及与之相关的政策措施
Global applied cases and technical summary of phosphate recovery from wastewater
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摘要: 欧洲、日本等国家和地区率先开启从污水及固体废弃物中回收磷的技术研发与工程应用,在政策/法律等层面也相继出台或修订了一系列有利于磷回收产品顺利进入市场的法规/条例。从磷的源分离、浓缩液沉淀、污泥分离以及污泥焚烧灰分提取几类技术,梳理分析了全球已研发并应用的污水处理磷回收技术的主要案例,并对比了各类技术的适用条件。分析了磷回收产品进入市场并获得竞争力的软性障碍,并从政策、法律及税收、补贴等层面介绍了个别国家和地区所采取的具体管理措施,以期为污水磷回收技术的应用与推广提供参考。Abstract: Prompt phosphorus crisis makes its techniques and engineering extended globally, which is associated with a community of shared future for mankind. European countries and Japan with scarce phosphorus rocks have started up developing techniques and applying engineering on phosphate recovery from wastewater and waste solids, and also they have correspondingly launched and/or revised a series of laws/regulations to promote the recovered phosphate products into commercial markets. Based on the applied cases and techniques from these countries, major applied cases of phosphate recovery are first summarized and evaluated; next, appropriate sites of phosphate recovery in wastewater and sludge processes and identified, including source separation, concentrated supernatant precipitation, sludge and incinerated sludge ashes; finally, the gap between recovered phosphate products and the markets is discussed, and some political and economic measures taken by EU countries are introduced.
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图 1 从污水或污水处理过程中回收磷的位点详解[4]
Figure 1. Detailed sites of phosphate recovery from wastewater and sludge treatment processes
表 1 欧洲、日本污水磷回收应用案例汇总
Table 1. Cases summary of phosphate recovery from wastewater in Europe and Japan
回收点位 国家及地区 原料 产物 名称 规模 源头分离回收 荷兰霍斯特文洛
(Horst-Venlo)农场液态及固态猪粪 生物炭 Agro America
(VP Hobe)工程规模 荷兰格鲁特泽维特(Groot Zevert)厌氧消化厂 液态粪肥消化物 N、K化肥溶液;富含磷的有机肥料;清水 GENIAAL (Nijhuis) 工程规模 德国库普弗采尔(Kupferzell)和佐尔鲍尔(Zorbau) 液体肥料;液体消化物 磷酸盐沉淀;硫酸铵;有机土壤改良剂(生物炭) BioEcoSim (Suez) 中试规模 工程规模
(计划)英国、挪威、瑞典、芬兰、丹麦和南非的农场 粪肥浆液;沼渣沼液 硝酸铵基液体肥料 N2-Applied 中试规模 灰分磷回收 荷兰ICL、德国ICL 污泥焚烧灰分;动物灰分 矿物肥料 ICL 工程规模 西班牙Fertiberia化肥集团 小试规模 法国敦刻尔克(Dunkerque)DCP 污泥焚烧灰分 磷酸; 磷酸氢钙 Ecophos 工程规模 柏林比特菲尔德-沃尔芬(Bitterfeld-Wolfen) 污泥焚烧灰分 磷酸钙;N、P、K原料;氯化铁絮凝剂; Ash2Phos
(EasyMining)工程规模 瑞典乌普萨拉(Uppsala);柏林赫尔辛堡(Helsingborg) 氢氧化铝、絮凝剂或工业应用;磷酸盐饲料 中试规模 德国汉堡(Hamburg)(在建) 污泥焚烧灰分 磷酸;石膏;铁盐和铝盐;矿物灰渣 TetraPhos(Remondis) 工程规模 德国埃尔弗林森(Elverlingsen) 中试规模 日本30多个污泥焚烧炉 干化污泥;污泥焚烧灰分 含P泥渣 Kubota (KSMF) 工程规模 德国哈尔登斯勒本(Haldensleben) 污泥焚烧灰分 P或NPK肥料 PHOS4Green(Glatt) 工程规模 德国魏玛(Weimar)格莱特技术中心 小、中试规模 日本岐阜(Gifu)、鸟取(Tottori) 污泥焚烧灰分 磷酸钙;用作肥料生产 Metawater 工程规模 瑞士索洛图恩(Solothurn);西班牙马德里( Madrid) 污泥焚烧灰分 工业级磷酸;水泥/混凝土工业用二氧化硅 Phos4Life 工程规模
(计划)滤饼;重金属精矿;氯化铁混凝剂 中试规模 奥地利莱奥本(Leoben) 污泥焚烧灰分 白磷 RecoPhos thermal (Italmatch) 中试规模 德国弗赖贝格(Freiberg) TU Bergakademie工厂 污泥及其他焚烧灰分;磷矿及其它二级磷;鸟粪石 磷酸 Parforce 中试规模 污泥消化液/
脱水上清液全球约100个工业规模鸟粪石回收装置实际应用于污水处理厂或其它废水处理,其中一些装置已经运行10年以上;世界最大鸟粪石回收装置位于芝加哥斯蒂克尼污水处理厂:Ostara装置;北欧最大鸟粪石回收工厂丹麦Marselisborg 污水处理厂:Phosphogreen装置 各种方式回收的可溶性磷溶液:污水(仅适用于强化生物除磷)、食品加工业、矿业或工业、粪肥、沼气池、源分离尿液等; 鸟粪石 Pearl (Ostara) 工程规模 NuReSys Struvia (Veolia) Phosphogreen (Suez) AirPrex (CNP) 污泥消化液/
脱水上清液全球12个污水处理厂 浓缩污泥;污泥消化液 Crystal Green® WASSTRIP (Ostara) 工程规模 丹麦奥胡斯Åby、Marselisborg污水处理厂 浓缩污泥;污泥消化液 鸟粪石 Phosphogreen (Suez) 工程规模 荷兰Nieuwveer污水处理厂 污泥消化液 蓝铁矿 ViViMAG (WETSUS) 中试规模 生污泥/消化熟污泥(脱水) 中国济宁TerraNova 工厂 脱水、消化污泥 镁/钙磷盐 TerraNova(HTC) 工程规模 德国Ruhrverband/Duisburg工厂 示范规模 瑞士伯尔尼(Bern) 消化污泥 磷酸钙 Extraphos (Budenheim) 工程规模
(计划)德国Dinslaken (Emschergenossenschaft)、奥芬巴赫(Offenbach)(在建)、曼海姆(Mannheim)(在建);瑞士Offtringen、Uvrier 消化脱水污泥;
富磷生物质含磷灰分 EuPhore 工程规模 德国温克尔(unkel)、汉堡(Homburg);美国雷德伍德(Redwood);瑞典哈门赫格(Hammenhög) 80%干重污泥;
生物质材料派热格生物炭(Pyreg biochar),在瑞典注册为肥料(PYREGphos); Pyreg (pyrolysis) 工程规模 意大利梅佐科罗纳(Mezzocorona) Ecoopera污水处理厂 10~15% 干重消化
脱水污泥磷酸盐沉淀 CarboREM 中试规模 -
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