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近年来,由于抗生素的广泛使用以及由此产生的环境污染引起了广泛关注[1]。四环素(tetracycline, TC)作为一种典型的抗细菌感染的抗生素,因其抗菌效果显著,价格低廉,已成为畜禽养殖业用量最大的抗生素之一[2-3]。有研究表明,TC很难被动物代谢,约70%~90%的TC通过粪便和尿液排泄到环境当中[4],而这些TC残留会通过饮用水和食物链进入人体,对人体健康构成严重威胁[5]。目前,从废水中去除TC的方法主要有电化学处理法、高级氧化法、生物降解法、吸附法和膜分离法等[6],其中吸附法因其高效、成本低、操作简单等优点而被广泛应用于TC的去除[7]。吸附法的关键是选取高效、稳定的吸附剂。活性炭、活性氧化铝和碳纳米管等吸附剂由于价格昂贵使其大规模应用于废水处理中受到限制[8]。因此,选择一种高效、低成本的吸附剂是吸附技术中的关键。
生物炭(biochar, BC)是由废弃生物质(农林废弃物、禽畜粪便等)在限氧条件下热解制得的一种多孔富碳材料[9]。生物炭因其具有比表面积大、孔结构发达、官能团丰富以及价格低廉等诸多优点被普遍应用在废水处理领域[10-11]。猪粪(swine manure, SM)作为我国最为丰富的农业废弃物之一,年产量约为38×109 t,同时,由于畜禽养殖业大量使用TC,猪粪含有大量TC残留,是TC污染的主要源头之一,如果将畜禽养殖所产生的猪粪资源化制备为生物炭并应用于废水中TC的去除,不仅可以从源头上控制TC污染,还可以达到“以废治废”的目的[12]。然而,原始生物炭的吸附能力有限,为了提高吸附效率,对生物炭改性是很有必要的。在众多改性剂中,β-环糊精聚合物(β-cyclodextrin, β-CD)是一种具有亲水外缘和内腔疏水结构的重要络合剂,具有无毒、绿色、可生物降解等优点[13]。β-CD独特的空腔结构有利于β-CD与有机污染物通过“主客体”相互作用形成包合物,有利于污染物的吸附去除。然而,β-CD作为一种亲水性化合物,在捕获污染物后很难从水环境中有效分离,为了解决这一难题,有研究者尝试将β-CD负载到非水溶性材料上,如:沸石、碳纳米管、纤维素等,以解决β-CD吸附污染物后难分离的问题,同时也可提高对水中污染物的去除效果[14-15]。目前,有研究报道了以农林废弃物制备生物炭与β-CD结合对重金属的吸附效果,但鲜有研究报道β-CD改性畜禽粪便基生物炭对废水中TC的去除作用及机制。
基于以上研究,本文以猪粪为原料制备生物炭(SMBC),采用β-CD对生物炭进行了改性,分析了SMBC和β-CD改性生物炭(β-SMBC)的结构及组成特点,考察了溶液pH以及2种吸附剂投加量对TC吸附的影响,系统研究了SMBC和β-SMBC对TC的吸附特性,并对吸附机制进行了探讨,以期为畜禽粪便基生物炭及其改性吸附剂应用于抗生素污染废水处理领域提供参考。
β-环糊精改性猪粪生物炭对水中四环素的吸附特性及机制
Adsorption characteristics and mechanism of tetracycline in water by swine manure biochar modified with β−cyclodextrin
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摘要: 为了从源头控制抗生素污染以及达到“以废治废”的目的,以猪粪为原料制备猪粪生物炭(SMBC),以β-环糊精(β-CD)为改性剂制得改性猪粪生物炭(β-SMBC)。通过元素分析、比表面积分析、SEM和FTIR等对SMBC和β-SMBC的组成、形貌和结构进行表征。以四环素(TC)为目标污染物,考察了溶液pH、吸附剂投加量和温度对其吸附TC的影响,研究了SMBC和β-SMBC对水中TC的吸附特性及机制。结果表明:溶液pH对SMBC和β-SMBC吸附TC的影响较大,在酸性条件下更有利于TC的吸附。SMBC和β-SMBC对TC的吸附动力学均能被准二级动力学方程很好地描述,吸附过程主要包括液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散两个阶段。同时,Freundlich模型能更好的描述TC在SMBC和β-SMBC上的吸附行为,最大吸附量分别为35.050和53.503 mg·g−1。与SMBC相比,β-SMBC对TC的吸附效果更好,且主要的吸附机制为静电作用、氢键作用和π-π相互作用。热力学结果表明,SMBC和β-SMBC对TC的吸附是一个自发的吸热过程。上述结果表明,β-SMBC对TC具有较强的吸附性能且其重复利用性好,是一种在抗生素废水处理领域具有应用前景的高效、可再生吸附材料。Abstract: In order to control antibiotic pollution from the source and achieve the purpose of "treating waste with waste", swine manure biochar (SMBC) was prepared from swine manure, and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was used as modifier to prepare modified swine manure biochar (β- SMBC). The composition, morphology, and structure of SMBC and β-SMBC were characterized by elemental analysis, specific surface area analysis, SEM, and FTIR. Taking tetracycline (TC) as the target pollutant, the effects of solution pH, adsorbent dosage, and temperature on TC adsorption by SMBC and β- SMBC were investigated, and the adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of SMBC and β-SMBC on TC in water were studied. The results showed that the pH of the solution had a greater effect on TC adsorption by SMBC and β-SMBC, and TC adsorption was more favorable under acidic conditions. The adsorption kinetics of SMBC and β-SMBC toward TC could be well described by the pseudo-second-order equation, and the adsorption process was mainly divided into two stages: liquid film diffusion and internal particle diffusion. Meanwhile, the Freundlich models could better describe the adsorption behavior of TC on SMBC and β-SMBC with maximum adsorption of 35.050 and 53.503 mg·g−1, respectively, and TC removal by β-SMBC was better than SMBC. The main adsorption mechanisms are electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and π - π interaction. The thermodynamic results indicated that the adsorption of TC by SMBC and β-SMBC was a spontaneous endothermic process. In conclusion, β-SMBC had a strong performance on TC adsorption and its reusability was excellent. Therefore, β-SMBC is a highly efficient and regenerable adsorbent material with application prospects in the field of antibiotic wastewater treatment.
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Key words:
- swine manure /
- biochar /
- β-Cyclodextrin /
- tetracycline /
- adsorption mechanisms
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表 1 SMBC和β-SMBC的物理化学性质
Table 1. Physico-chemical characteristics of SMBC and β-SMBC
吸附剂 C/% H/% O/% N/% 灰分/% H/C O/C (O+N)/C 比表面积/ (m2·g−1) 总孔体积/(cm3·g−1) SMBC 48.45 1.79 33.35 0.67 15.34 0.036 0.688 0.702 6.11 0.016 β-SMBC 53.62 1.85 23.20 0.75 20.58 0.034 0.432 0.446 15.35 0.022 表 2 SMBC和β-SMBC吸附TC的动力学模型拟合参数
Table 2. Kinetic parameters for TC adsorption on SMBC and β-SMBC
吸附剂 准一级动力学 准二级动力学 颗粒内扩散 qm/(mg·g−1) k1/h−1 R2 qm/(mg·g−1) k2/(g·(mg·h)−1) R2 Kd1 C1 R2 Kd2 C2 R2 SMBC 8.516 7.198 0.716 8.869 1.168 0.909 2.129 4.802 0.888 0.340 7.728 0.468 β-SMBC 10.567 11.964 0.610 10.877 1.842 0.856 1.602 7.764 0.982 0.498 9.283 0.873 表 3 SMBC和β-SMBC吸附TC的等温线拟合参数
Table 3. Isotherm parameters for the adsorption TC onto SMBC and β-SMBC
吸附剂 Langmuir Freundlich Temkin qm/(mg·g−1) KL/(L·mg−1) R2 KF/(L·mg−1) n R2 A/(L·mg−1) Kt/(J·mol−1) R2 SMBC 35.050 0.013 0.988 1.256 1.478 0.990 0.315 6.309 0.909 β-SMBC 53.503 0.020 0.941 2.740 1.725 0.979 1.595 5.285 0.758 表 4 SMBC和β-SMBC吸附TC的热力学参数
Table 4. Thermodynamics parameters for TC adsorption by SMBC and β-SMBC
吸附剂 ∆Hθ/(kJ·mol−1) ∆Sθ/[J·(mol·K)−1] ∆Gθ/(kJ·mol−1) 298 K 308 K 318 K SMBC 0.0103 81.325 −24.124 −24.937 −25.750 β-SMBC 0.0258 100.174 −29.804 −30.805 −31.806 -
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