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由于碳酸钙在造纸工艺中的大量应用,造成了造纸废水的钙离子含量高的特征,这给造纸废水的处理带来了不小的挑战。高浓度的钙离子对造纸工艺的厌氧、好氧以及深度处理等阶段均会带来不利影响,如导致厌氧污泥钙化[1-2],阻碍污泥与外界环境传质,影响废水生化处理效果[3-4];造成好氧污泥絮凝体增大,剩余污泥产量增多,抑制污泥活性, COD去除率下降[5-6];在膜表面产生粒径较小的无机颗粒物导致膜污染,影响膜的使用寿命,增加处理成本[7-8]。
目前除钙技术有物理法、化学法,生物法等。物理法主要有离子交换法、吸附法和膜分离法;化学法主要有化学沉淀法和电化学法;生物法主要是指生物矿化除钙。物理法除钙主要面临着除钙容量低,选择性较差等不利因素;化学法是目前应用最为广泛的除钙方法,但对除钙药剂的添加量有严格的要求[9-10];生物法主要是利用自然界生物矿化机理,利用微生物代谢产生脲酶催化分解尿素水解产生碳酸根离子,进而与钙离子结合生成碳酸钙沉淀[11],但生物法除钙工艺会带来氨氮含量超标等问题[12]。
应用最广的化学沉淀法除钙的原理是溶度积理论,但在实际废水处理中,理论与实际出入很大,有学者研究碳酸钙的结晶析出问题时也发现,碳酸钙结晶过程存在着一个过饱和状态,在该状态下并无沉淀生成[13]。为解决理论与实际的差异问题,预测水处理中碳酸钙的最小溶解度,有学者提出了碳酸钙条件溶度积的概念[14]。条件溶度积是利用化学平衡和数学方法进行推导,在某一温度下考察水中所能存在的难溶电解质的溶质组成,比实际的溶度积常数要大,但还未见用于指导实践。本研究对嘉兴某造纸厂废水处理工艺好氧段实际水样进行研究,结合造纸废水好氧原水高钙浓度、高无机碳含量的特点,并利用条件溶度积理论,探究了不添加化学药剂直接通过物理曝气进行除钙的可行性;考虑在好氧池之前增设曝气除钙工艺,进行曝气除钙实验研究,探寻了条件溶度积应用于实践指导的可能性,以期为造纸废水好氧段除钙工艺的改进提供参考。
基于碳酸钙条件溶度积理论的造纸废水好氧曝气除钙
Calcium removal by aerobic aeration of papermaking wastewater based on CaCO3 conditional solubility product theory
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摘要: 造纸废水中较高的钙离子浓度会对废水处理带来很大挑战,为实现造纸废水中钙的有效快速去除,首先用条件溶度积理论分析了造纸废水钙离子浓度过高但不能及时有效沉淀的原因,然后结合模拟溶液和好氧原水曝气实验,探讨了造纸废水好氧段曝气除钙的pH变化机理,最后根据曝气过程中条件溶度积的变化情况探索了钙离子沉淀的有利条件。结果表明,好氧原水的碳酸钙条件浓度积Ps最大,最接近理论计算曲线,好氧原水的钙沉淀趋势最明显且最容易沉淀。对好氧原水直接曝气可以促进碳酸钙沉淀,pH呈现出先上升后下降再上升的趋势,这是脱除CO2气体提高溶液碱性与溶液中生成碳酸钙沉淀增加酸性互相竞争的结果。条件溶度积计算表明,pH为7.5~8.5时碳酸钙条件溶度积处于较低值,溶解度最小,该条件有利于钙的沉淀去除。Abstract: High concentration of calcium ions is a big challenge for papermaking wastewater treatment. In order to remove calcium efficiently from papermaking wastewater, the problem that the Ca2+ concentration in papermaking wastewater is high and Ca2+ cannot effectively precipitate was analyzed based on the conditional solubility product theory at first. Through the aeration experiments of simulated Ca2+ solution and raw water, the pH change mechanism of the aeration calcium removal from the aerobic section of papermaking wastewater was then discussed. Finally, the favorable conditions for calcium ion precipitation were explored according to the variation of conditional solubility product during aeration. The results showed that the conditional concentration product of CaCO3 in aerobic raw water was the highest, and the closest to the theoretical calculation curve, indicating that the calcium precipitation trend of aerobic raw water was the most obvious and the easiest to occur. The direct aeration of aerobic raw water could promote the precipitation of calcium carbonate. The pH values of wastewater increased firstly, then decreased, and increased again. The characteristic pH peak was formed due to the competitive effect of both solution alkalinity rise from the release of CO2 and solution acidity rise from the carbonate precipitation during the aeration process. The conditional solubility product calculation of the aeration process showed that the conditional solubility product of calcium carbonate was relatively lower when the pH was at 7.5~8.5, and the solubility of calcium carbonate was the minimum, which was conducive to the removal of calcium precipitation.
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表 1 好氧处理单元水质情况
Table 1. Characteristic of wastewater in the aerobic treatment unit
取样点 pH TDS/(mg·L−1) T/°C IC/(mg·L−1) Ca2+/( mg·L−1) 好氧原水 7.13 2 263 29.3 412.9 554.0 缺氧池 7.70 1 935 28.9 240.7 289.4 好氧1池 7.93 1 743 29.0 237.2 314.1 好氧2池 7.94 1 610 29.0 198.8 283.3 好氧3池 7.95 1 552 29.4 206.6 328.7 好氧出水 8.01 1 544 29.0 193.2 283.0 二沉池 7.97 1 585 29.2 96.5 163.9 表 2 好氧原水曝气过程中的IC与Ca2+含量
Table 2. Concentration of IC and Ca2+ in the aerobic raw water during aeration time
mg·L−1 时间/min IC Ca2+ 0 412.92 554.0 10 265.92 343.6 20 263.04 295.2 30 228.36 212.8 60 156.84 97.2 90 126.00 52.4 表 3 pH为6~9内CaCO3的logPs
Table 3. logPs of CaCO3 between pH 6 and 9
pH Ps logPs 6 2.80×10-3 -5.93 6.5 1.40×10-3 -6.6 7 9.71×10-4 -6.94 7.5 8.49×10-4 -7.07 8 8.34×10-4 -7.09 8.5 9.04×10-4 -7.01 9 1.20×10-3 -6.75 -
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