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硫酸根离子作为天然水系中常见的阴离子,硫酸盐浓度过高会对生物体和生态系统产生潜在危害[1]。高浓度硫酸盐使水体酸化,当被用于灌溉农田时,会压实土壤并危害农作物的生长[2];若被人类长期饮用,会引起人类腹泻、消化不良等症状[3]。有研究表明,矿区附近的水域均存在硫酸盐含量超过地表水环境质量标准规定限值的现象[4-5]。硫酸盐废水的处理成为了亟待处理的水环境问题之一。
目前,去除水中硫酸盐的主要方法有离子交换法[6]、絮凝法[7]、化学沉淀法[8]和吸附法[9]等。其中,吸附法因其价廉、易得、高效、可重复利用和二次污染小等优点而备受重视。芦苇作为一种观赏性水生草本植物,在我国各地水域随处可见,老化而来的秸秆不经处理,污染环境且浪费资源,故可用于制作生物炭原料吸附硫酸盐。原始生物炭的吸附效果较弱,需对其进行改性。煤矸石作为工业废弃物,随意堆放会占用土地资源且污染环境[10-11]。有研究表明,生物质与煤矸石共热解,不仅可以提高生物炭的产量,还可以提高生物炭的吸附性能[12]。故可用煤矸石改善生物炭的吸附效果,同时也为煤矸石废物资源化利用提供一条新途径。ZHAO等[13]通过将油菜秸秆与煤矸石在不同温度下煅烧制作改性生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)进行吸附,发现在经过600 ℃煅烧的生物炭吸附容量最大,为9.2 mg·g−1;WANG等[14]将不同生物质与煤矸石分别共热解用于吸附磷酸盐,发现改性后玉米秸秆生物炭的吸附容量增加了3.6倍; QIU等[15]将松木屑与煤矸石共热解后,再用氯化铁活化,对30 mg·L−1的磷酸盐进行吸附,得到吸附容量为3.08 mg·g−1。目前用该种改性方法去除水体中硫酸盐的研究鲜见报道。
本文以芦苇秸秆为原材料,将其与煤矸石共热解得到了改性产物,以水中硫酸盐作为研究对象,探究了改性材料的加入对生物炭吸附性能的影响,并考察了吸附性能的稳定性。以期为水体中硫酸盐的去除提供参考,为固体废物资源化利用提供数据参考。
改性芦苇生物炭对水中硫酸盐的吸附性能及机理
Adsorption performance and mechanism of modified reed biochar towards sulfate in water
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摘要: 水中过高浓度硫酸盐赋存会对水生环境产生一定的影响。为此,选取芦苇秸秆作为生物炭原料,通过添加煤矸石共热解对生物炭进行了改性,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、氮气吸附脱附法(BET)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)等手段对生物炭的物理化学性质进行了分析,考察了pH、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间和初始浓度对水中硫酸盐吸附性能的影响。结果表明:改性后生物炭(MBC)的吸附效果优于未改性生物炭(OBC);MBC的粗糙程度大于OBC,MBC拥有更大的比表面积和更多的孔隙结构,其比表面积为改性前的2.4倍;对吸附过程进行吸附动力学和吸附等温模型拟合,发现准一级动力学模型和Langmuir模型可以更好的描述MBC对硫酸盐的吸附行为,表明吸附过程以静电吸附和单分子层吸附为主。当pH为2、投加量为8 g·L-1时改性材料吸附效果最好,最大吸附量可达29.69 mg·g-1,且经过5次再生吸附后,硫酸盐去除率仍能达到50%以上。因此,改性后的生物炭可作为去除水体中硫酸盐的良好材料。Abstract: Excessive sulfate concentration in water will have a certain impact on the aquatic environment. In this study, reed straw was selected as the raw material of biochar, and the biochar was modified by co-pyrolysis with addition of coal gangue. The physicochemical properties of biochar were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), nitrogen adsorption desorption (BET) and Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, adsorption time and initial concentration on the adsorption performance of sulfate in water were investigated. The results showed that the adsorption effect of modified biochar (MBC) was better than that of unmodified biochar (OBC); The roughness of MBC was greater than that of OBC, and MBC had larger specific surface area and more pore structure, and its specific surface area was 2.4 times of that before modification; The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm model fitting of the adsorption process showed that the quasi-first-order kinetic model and Langmuir model could better describe the adsorption behavior of MBC to sulfate, indicating that the adsorption process was dominated by electrostatic adsorption and monolayer adsorption. When the pH was 2 and the dosage was 8 g·L-1, the modified material had the best adsorption effect, and the maximum adsorption amount could reach 29.69 mg·g-1. After five times of regeneration adsorption, the sulfate removal rate could still reach higher than 50%. Therefore, the modified biochar can be used as a good material to remove sulfate from water.
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Key words:
- reed biochar /
- modification /
- adsorption /
- sulfate
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表 1 OBC和MBC的比表面积、平均孔径和孔容
Table 1. The specific surface area, average pore diameter and pore volume of OBC and MBC
样品 比表面积/(m2·g−1) 孔径/nm 孔容/(cm3·g−1) OBC 273.99 2.22 1.50×10-1 MBC 658.91 2.25 3.67×10-1 表 2 MBC的吸附动力学模型参数
Table 2. Parameters of MBC adsorption kinetic model
样品 准一级动力学参数 准二级动力学参数 qe/(mg·g−1) k1 R2 qe/(mg·g−1) k2 R2 MBC 49.145 5.329 0.959 49.524 0.492 0.991 表 3 MBC的吸附等温线模型参数
Table 3. Adsorption isotherm model parameters of MBC
样品 Langmuir Freundlich qm/(mg·g-1) kL R2 kF 1/n R2 MBC 81.094 0.011 0.941 7.720 0.370 0.870 表 4 MBC的浸出毒性
Table 4. Leaching toxicity of MBC
污染物 实测浓度/(mg·L−1) 地表水限值/(mg·L−1) 浸出毒性限值/(mg·L−1) Cu 0.000 9 1.000 100.0 Cr 0.033 0 0.050 15.0 Ag 0.000 4 0.001 5.0 Cd 0.000 1 0.005 1.0 -
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