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混凝是一种常见的水处理工艺,混凝剂可使水中胶体粒子和微小悬浮物发生聚集,从而通过沉淀作用将其分离,进而达到净化水的目的[1]。铝盐混凝剂是一种高效无机混凝剂,不同类别铝盐在水解时形态差异较大,按照与Ferron试剂的反应速度不同,其可分为Ala、Alb和Alc[2],3种形态的铝分子质量和稳定性都逐步增强[3]。一般来讲,Ala形态只具有压缩双电层性能;Alb形态具有最强的电中和性能;而Alc形态由于其颗粒粒度已达到一定的尺寸,从而具有较高的吸附架桥性能[4-5]。
虽然铝系混凝剂对于水中污染物具有显著的去除作用,但水体中的残余铝对人体健康和输水过程具有显著影响。有研究表明,铝的毒性不仅与总铝浓度有关,还与铝的存在形态密切相关[6]。溶解态铝对人体造成的危害较大,其会通过饮食摄入的方式进入人体并积累残留,从而产生一定慢性中毒,如引发学习记忆障碍、骨软化、抑制免疫功能、睾丸毒性病理改变以及胚胎发育致畸形等[7-9]。溶解态余铝的产生是由于铝盐混凝剂在净化水过程时容易以溶解态的单体或小聚合体的形式与溶解性有机物中的羧基、酚基类活性基团络合,形成溶于水的有机络合态铝而残留在水中[10-12]。总体而言,目前对出水残余铝的研究主要集中在分子质量小于1 000、1 000~3 000和3 000~10 000 Da的溶解态铝、颗粒态铝以及总铝5个方面,溶解态铝由于其尺寸在超滤范围内[13],因此,又被称为超滤膜分级余铝。
本文主要对出水中超滤膜分级余铝和混凝过程进行了研究,以黄河上游水源水作为实验样本,研究了Al13和AlCl3 2种不同铝形态的混凝剂在不同投加量下的混凝过程,结合出水中的溶解态余铝含量、UV254、pH、浊度和絮体特性的变化趋势,探究了铝形态对出水残余铝及混凝过程的影响机制,以期为实际工程生产中余铝的控制及絮体调控提供参考。
混凝剂中的铝形态对黄河水源水中出水余铝的影响
Effects of Aluminum form in coagulant on residual Aluminum in effluent of the source water of Yellow River
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摘要: 铝系混凝剂是应用最广泛的无机混凝剂,改善混凝剂中的铝形态可有效提高混凝效果,但其在净水过程中产生的余铝对人体健康及输水过程具有显著的影响。本文研究了氯化铝(AlCl3)和高聚十三铝(Al13) 2种混凝剂在处理黄河上游水源水时的混凝过程,结合出水中的溶解态及不同分子质量余铝含量、有机物紫外吸光度(UV254)、pH、浊度、有机物种类及含量和絮体特性的变化趋势,探究混凝剂中的铝形态对混凝过程的影响。结果表明,在实验投加量范围内,当Al13做混凝剂时,出水余铝质量浓度均低于0.2 mg·L−1。Al13具有较高的形态稳定性,在混凝过程中对出水pH影响较小。絮体粒度随混凝剂投加量的增加而增加,Al13投加量达到0.08 mmol·L−1时絮体粒度下降(强度因子由于静电排斥作用而下降)。在不同投加量下,使用AlCl3做混凝剂时出水余铝均高于Al13体系,且在不同投加量下AlCl3体系出水余铝中小于1 000 Da的余铝占比最大。Al13对富里酸和腐殖酸的去除效果优于AlCl3,且AlCl3在较高投加量下才能实现水中有机物的有效去除。Abstract: Al-based coagulants are the most widely used inorganic coagulants, and the optimized Al species can improve the coagulation performances, but the residual aluminum produced in the treatment process has significant impacts on human health and water transport process. In this study, Al13 and AlCl3 were used as coagulants to treat the source water of Yellow River, and the coagulation process was investigated. Combined with variations of the concentration of dissolved residual aluminum and residual aluminum with different molecular weights, UV254, pH, turbidity, concentration or species of organic matter and flocs characteristics, effects of aluminum species on residual aluminum and coagulation performances were investigated. The results showed that when Al13 was used as coagulant, the mass concentration of residual aluminum was lower than 0.2 mg·L−1, and the concentration was less affected by the dosage. Due to its high stability of species, Al13 had less effects on pH of effluent during coagulation process. The particle size of flocs increased with the increase of coagulant dosage, but it decreased when the dosage of Al13 reached 0.08 mmol·L-1 (the strength factors decreased due to electrostatic repulsion). The residual aluminum using AlCl3 as coagulant was higher than that in Al13 system at different dosages, and the proportion of residual aluminum with molecular weight lower than 1000 Da in AlCl3 was the largest in AlCl3 system. The removal efficiency of fulvic acid and humic acid using Al13 was better than using AlCl3, the latter could achieve high effective removal of organics in water at high dosages.
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Key words:
- coagulation /
- Al13 /
- AlCl3 /
- residual aluminum /
- flocs
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表 1 混凝剂的Al形态分布
Table 1. Al species for coagulants used in this study
Al形态 Ala/% Alb/% Alc/% AlCl3 95.21 3.28 1.51 Al13 2.93 96.27 0.80 -
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