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饮用水的嗅味异常是导致消费者质疑用水安全的主要原因之一。这类问题在许多国家都非常普遍,并且引起了广泛的环境和生态关注[1-8]。水库水源作为最为重要的饮用水供水来源,嗅味异常背后的污染问题严重威胁城镇的供水安全。饮用水嗅味问题的根源通常与水源中的藻类有关[9-10]。例如,一些蓝藻和放线菌的代谢产物会引起土臭味、霉味,如2-甲基异莰醇和土臭素普遍存在于各大供水系统中[11-17]。除土臭味、霉味外,近年来国内外也爆发了数十起水源地鱼腥味事件[18-21]。有研究表明,鱼腥味通常与硅藻、绿藻、隐藻和甲藻的生长代谢有关[22-23]。藻类细胞除可以分泌饱和醛类化合物(如正己醛、庚醛、壬醛)外,还通常含有大量的不饱和脂肪酸。不饱和脂肪酸在环境中可以转化为富含嗅味的不饱和醛衍生物(如2,4-庚二烯醛、2,4-癸二烯醛、2,4,7-癸三烯醛和2,6-壬二烯醛)[24-27]。近年来报道的饮用水嗅味问题中大约41%为土臭味、霉味,36%为沼泽味、化粪池味[28],鱼腥味类型的藻源性嗅味问题罕有出现。因此,与土臭味、霉味相比,引起鱼腥味的藻类和嗅味物质尚未明确,相关信息和研究仍非常有限[29]。红升水库曾在2016年短暂出现了水源地嗅味(以鱼腥味为主)问题,至今来源不清,无法采取有效措施预防和解决该类嗅味问题。为探索引起鱼腥味的藻类与嗅味物质,研究团队进行了为期8个月的环境调查,以跟踪2021年3—10月期间水源水嗅味特征、强度和藻类数量的变化。本研究采用嗅味层次分析法描述水样中10种潜在藻类代谢物(正己醛、庚醛、壬醛、癸醛、2-辛烯醛、2,6-壬二烯醛、2,4-庚二烯醛、2,4-癸二烯醛、苯甲醛和β-环柠檬醛)的嗅味特征和强度。本研究将为更好地为解释藻源性鱼腥味问题提供数据参考。
红升水库藻源性嗅味问题解析
Analysis of algae-derived odor problem in Hongsheng Reservoir
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摘要: 2021年红升水库出现了一次严重的饮用水嗅味问题,结合同期的水样采集和分析,对嗅味特征、嗅味物质和藻类等主要参数进行了系统调查。采用嗅味层次分析法(FPA)对嗅味类型和强度进行了评估,并参考主成分(PCA)和相关性分析结果对藻类和嗅味物质进行关联。在藻类物种中,绿藻和硅藻最为丰富,占比分别为43.6%和29.1%。其中,星杆藻属密度最大(5.58×105 细胞·mL−1)。检测到土臭素(GSM)、2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)、庚醛、壬醛、癸醛、2,4-庚二烯醛、2,6-壬二烯醛、2,4-癸二烯醛等8种嗅味物质。根据FPA分析,红升水库饮用水嗅味为强烈的鱼腥味伴随轻微的土臭味、霉味,2种嗅味强度最高值均出现在水库西南侧的荷花池附近。PCA分析结果表明,饱和醛(庚醛、壬醛和癸醛)是产生鱼腥味的主要嗅味物质,但不饱和醛的影响仍不可忽略。庚醛和2,4-癸二烯醛可能与硅藻中星杆藻属和小环藻属的生长代谢有关,而壬醛、2,4-庚二烯醛和2,6-壬二烯醛则可能是绿藻中衣藻属和实球藻属的代谢产物。研究结果表明,蓝藻的暴发是红升水库出现土臭味、霉味的主要原因,而更为严重的鱼腥味问题则是由水中的螺旋藻属、类颤藻属、星杆藻属、小环藻属、衣藻属和实球藻属的大量繁殖引起的。Abstract: A serious drinking water odor problem occurred in 2021 at Hongsheng Reservoir, and the main parameters such as odor characteristics, odor substances and algae were systematically investigated in combination with the water sample collection and analysis during the same period. The odor hierarchy analysis (FPA) was used to assess the type and intensity of odor, and the algae and odorant substances were correlated with reference to results of principal component (PCA) and correlation analysis. Among the algal species, green algae and diatoms were the most abundant, accounting for 43.6% and 29.1%, respectively. Among them, the greatest density (5.58×105 cell·mL−1) occurred in the genus Starry rod algae. Eight olfactory substances, including earth odorant (GSM), 2-methylisobornyl (2-MIB), heptanal, nonanal, decanal, 2,4-heptadienal, 2,6-nonadienal and 2,4-decadienal, were detected. According to the FPA analysis, the drinking water odor of Hongsheng Reservoir was a strong fishy odor accompanied by a slight earthy and musty odor, and the highest intensities of both odors occurred near the Lotus pond on the southwest side of the reservoir. PCA results showed that saturated aldehydes (heptanal, nonanal and decanal) were the main odor substances that produced fishy odors, but the influence of unsaturated aldehydes was still not negligible. Heptanal and 2,4-decadienal could be associated with the growth metabolism of the diatom genera Stellaria and Chlorella, while nonanal, 2,4-heptadienal and 2,6-nonadienal could be the metabolites of the green algae genera Chlamydomonas and Solidococcus. Cyanobacteria are the only algae known to produce 2-MIB and GSM, and cyanobacterial outbreaks were the main cause of earthy/moldy odor in water at Hongsheng Reservoir. More serious fishy odor problem in Hong Sheng Reservoir could be caused by the abnormal growth of Spirulina, Chlamydomonas, Chlamydomonas, Chlamydomonas, and Chlorella in the water.
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Key words:
- drinking water /
- fishy odor /
- saturated aldehyde /
- odor characterization /
- principal component analysis
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表 1 红升水库基本水质参数
Table 1. Basic water quality parameters of Hong Sheng Reservoir
水质指标 TN/(mg·L−1) TP/(mg·L−1) NH3−N/(mg·L−1) COD/(mg·L−1) BOD5/(mg·L−1) pH OD/(mg·L−1) 红升水库 1.53 0.09 0.54 22.52 2.93 7.2 8.99 Ⅳ类标准参考值 1.50 0.30 1.50 30.00 6.00 6.9 3.00 SD(标准偏差) 0.02 0.15 0.68 5.29 2.17 0.2 4.24 表 2 嗅味物质基本信息
Table 2. Basic information on odorant substances
化合物 嗅味物质 嗅味类型 嗅阈值/(μg·L−1) 检出限/(ng·L−1) 萜类化合物 土臭素 土臭味/霉味 0.003 0.830 2-甲基异莰醇 0.001 0.470 醛类化合物 正己醛 鱼腥味(油腻) 4.500 1.420 庚醛 鱼腥味(油腻) 3.000 6.290 壬醛 青草味(少量)鱼腥味(过量) 1.000 0.430 癸醛 鱼腥味 3.000 13.750 2-辛烯醛 橘子气味(少量)鱼腥味(过量) 0.021 8.330 2,4-庚二烯醛 鱼腥味(油腻) 5.000 70.550 2,4-癸二烯醛 鱼腥味 0.029 9.210 2,6-壬二烯醛 青草/黄瓜气味 0.080 60.610 苯甲醛 杏仁味 4.500 10.870 β-环柠檬醛 干草/烟草气味 500.000 3.350 表 3 嗅味特征评估情况
Table 3. Assessment of odor characteristics
采样日期 不同采样点的嗅味强度(鱼腥味/土臭味) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2022-03-08 2/2 1/1.5 2/1.5 1/1 2/1 1/1.5 2/2.5 1/1 2/1.5 1.5/0.5 2022-04-12 3.5/4 2/3 2/2 2.5/2 2.5/1.5 2.5/1 3/3.5 2/1.5 2.5/2 2/1 2022-05-05 6/3 5/3.5 4/2 5/3.5 4/2 4/2 5/3.5 4/4 5/4 5/3 2022-06-12 7.5/3.5 5.5/4 4/2.5 5.5/4 4/2.5 4/2.5 7/4 4/3 6/3 6/4 2022-07-20 8/4 6/4 5/3 6.5/3 5/3 5/3 8/3.5 6/3 8/4 6.5/3.5 2022-08-28 8/2.5 6.5/4 5.5/2.5 7.5/2 6.5/3 5.5/3 8/3 6.5/3.5 8.5/3.5 8/3 2022-09-05 8.5/3.5 7.5/3 6/2 8/4 6/2 6/4 8.5/2 6/4 9/4 7/3.5 2022-10-16 8.5/4 7/3.5 6.5/2 8/3.5 6.5/2 6.5/3 8.5/3 6.5/3 9.5/3 8/3 表 4 主成分分析结果
Table 4. Principal component analysis results
成分 初始特征值 提取载荷平方和 总计 方差百分比 累积/% 总计 方差百分比 累积/% 庚醛 3.665 61.091 61.091 3.665 61.091 61.091 壬醛 1.410 23.505 84.596 1.410 23.505 84.596 癸醛 0.643 10.722 95.317 0.643 10.722 95.317 2,4-庚二烯醛 0.160 2.675 97.992 2,4-癸二烯醛 0.104 1.733 99.725 表 5 典型贡献嗅味物质与相关藻类的皮尔逊相关系数
Table 5. Pearson correlation coefficients of typical odor contributing substance with related algae
藻类 皮尔逊相关系数r 庚醛 壬醛 星杆藻属 0.957 — 小环藻属 0.928 — 实球藻属 — 0.709 衣藻属 — 0.65 -
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