-
微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell, MFC)是一种能同步处理废水与产电的绿色技术,其阳极微生物能够通过氧化废水中的有机物以产生电子和质子氢。电子通过直接/间接的方式传递至阳极表面并进一步通过外电路传输至阴极,质子氢通过质子交换膜传递到阴极,从而形成回路产生电流[1-2]。阳极材料在MFC运行中起到关键作用,主要影响微生物的生长与附着及电子传递[3]。
理想的阳极材料应具有良好的生物相容性、高比表面积、高电子转移速率、强稳定性、高孔隙率、低成本、易制备等特点[3-4]。传统的MFC阳极材料多以碳材料为基底,虽然碳材料具有良好的生物相容性,但其导电性差、电子转移速率低、强度低、易变形和价格昂贵等缺点限制了其产电性能和实际应用[5]。与传统碳材料(碳布、碳纸)相比,不锈钢纤维毡(stainless steel fiber felt, SSFF)具有高导电性、三维多孔固体结构、良好的耐腐蚀性和价格低廉等优势,是理想的基底材料[6-7]。GUO等[6]将热处理后的SSFF作生物电化学系统的阳极材料获得的电流密度是未热处理的7倍;HOU等[7-8]通过浸渍法、电聚合等方法分别制备了羧基石墨烯/SSFF、碳纳米管/SSFF、聚苯胺/SSFF和活性炭/SSFF阳极并应用在MFC阳极中,分别获得了650、620、580和451 mV的稳定输出电压。这表明SSFF具有作为MFC基材的潜力,但SSFF较差的生物相容性和高过电位限制了其在生物电化学系统中作为阳极的应用[9],因此需要对SSFF进行表面修饰以提高生物相容性和电子转移速率。
石墨烯作为一种新型碳纳米材料,具有高比表面积、高电导率和良好的生物相容性等特点,一直是材料改性研究的一大热点[10-11]。侯俊先[4]通过先浸渍后电化学还原的方法将还原氧化石墨烯(reduced graphene oxide, RGO)负载在SSFF上作为MFC阳极,获得了4.45 A·m−2的最大电流密度,是SSFF阳极-MFC的1.6倍。原诗瑶[12]通过水热反应法制备了RGO/MnO2/泡沫镍阳极并应用在MFC中,获得了643.9 mW·m−2的最大功率密度,是泡沫镍阳极-MFC的2.6倍。这表明SSFF和泡沫镍经RGO修饰后均能改善MFC的产电性能。二氧化钛(TiO2)作为一种半导体金属氧化物,由于良好的生物相容性、亲水性和无毒性,在锂电池和生物传感器等领域中得到广泛应用[13-14]。JIA等[13]制备了纳米TiO2/碳纸作为MFC阳极,获得了392 mW·m−2的最大功率密度,比未修饰的碳纸高50%。因此,对SSFF进行RGO和纳米TiO2修饰,有望在保留SSFF高导电性和耐腐蚀性的同时改善SSFF的生物相容性,将改性材料应用于MFC阳极中有望同步处理废水与高效产电。
本研究以SSFF为基底,以GO和纳米TiO2为原料制备改性材料RGO/SSFF和TiO2/RGO/SSFF,以SSFF为对照,通过电化学测试和物理表征分析材料的电化学特性、物理结构和表观形貌,将SSFF、RGO/SSFF和TiO2/RGO/SSFF分别作为构建的MFC的阳极,对其产电性能和COD去除速率进行探究,旨在为后续MFC阳极改性研究提供参考。
不锈钢纤维毡改性材料的制备及在微生物燃料电池中的应用
Preparation of stainless-steel fiber felt modified material and its application in microbial fuel cell
-
摘要: 为制备一种导电性高、生物相容性良好且耐腐蚀的阳极材料,提高微生物燃料电池(MFC)的产电性能,以不锈钢纤维毡(SSFF)为基底,采用水热反应法制备了还原氧化石墨烯/不锈钢纤维毡(RGO/SSFF),并进一步采用粉体烧结法将纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)负载至RGO/SSFF,制备了二氧化钛/还原氧化石墨烯/不锈钢纤维毡(TiO2/RGO/SSFF),将SSFF(对照)、RGO/SSFF和TiO2/RGO/SSFF分别作为MFC的阳极(对应的MFC分别命名为MFC-CK、MFC-RG和MFC-TRG)以探究改性材料对MFC去除水体中耗氧有机物和产电性能的影响。结果表明:与SSFF相比,RGO/SSFF和TiO2/RGO/SSFF具有更大的电容(Q为413.9 mF和446.9 mF),更小的界面转移电阻(Rct为19.65 Ω和18.16 Ω),更高的交换电流密度(i0为1.56×10−5 mA和2.07×10−4 mA);MFC-TRG对水体COD去除速率最高可达929.62 mg·(L·d)−1;MFC-RG和MFC-TRG稳定输出电压分别为245 mV和280 mV,比MFC-CK提高了88.5%和115.4%;MFC-RG和MFC-TRG的功率密度输出分别为 337.50 mW·m−2和472.03 mW·m−2,比MFC-CK提高了163.9%和233.9%。由此可知,改性后的RGO/SSFF和TiO2/RGO/SSFF阳极成功提高了MFC的产电性能。该研究结果可为后续MFC阳极改性研究提供参考。Abstract: In order to prepare a kind of anode material with high conductivity, good biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, and improve the electricity generation performance of microbial fuel cells (MFC), the reduced graphene oxide/stainless steel fiber felt (RGO/SSFF) was prepared using stainless steel fiber felt (SSFF) as the base by hydrothermal reaction method. Furthermore, the titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide/stainless steel fiber mat (TiO2/RGO/SSFF) was prepared by using powder sintering method of loading nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) onto RGO/SSFF. SSFF(control), RGO/SSFF and TiO2/RGO/SSFF were used as the anodes of MFC (the corresponding MFCS were named as MFC-CK, MFC-RG and MFC-TRG, respectively) to explore the effects of modified materials on the removal of oxygen-consuming organic matter and electricity generation performance of MFC in water. The results showed that: Compared with SSFF, RGO/SSFF and TiO2/RGO/SSFF had larger capacitance (Q were 413.9 and 446.9 mF, respectively), smaller interfacial transfer resistance (Rct were 19.65 and 18.16 Ω, respectively), and higher exchange current density (i0 were 1.56×10−5 and 2.07×10−4 mA, respectively); The maximum COD removal rate of MFC-TRG was 929.62 mg·(L·d)−1. The stable output voltages of MFC-RG and MFC-TRG were 245 mV and 280 mV, respectively, which were 88.5% and 115.4% higher than that of MFC-CK. The power density outputs of MFC-RG and MFC-TRG were 337.50 mW·m−2 and 472.03 mW·m−2, respectively, which were 163.9% and 233.9% higher than that of MFC-CK. In conclusion, the modified RGO/SSFF and TiO2/RGO/SSFF anodes successfully improved the electricity generation performance of MFC, which can provide a reference for the subsequent research on MFC anode modification.
-
表 1 SSFF、RGO/SSFF和TiO2/RGO/SSFF的BET测试结果
Table 1. BET measurement results of SSFF, RGO/SSFF and TiO2/RGO/SSFF
材料 BET比表面积/ (m²·g−1) BJH吸附平均孔径/nm SSFF 0.57 5.63 RGO/SSFF 1.14 7.82 TiO2/RGO/SSFF 0.90 23.58 表 2 与其他已报道 MFCs 在COD去除速率及产电性能上的比较
Table 2. Comparison of COD removal rate and electricity generation performance with other reported MFCs
阳极材料 碳源基质 质量浓度/(g·L−1) COD去除速率/(g·(L·d)−1) 输出电压/mV 最大功率密度/(mW·m−2) 来源 TiO2/RGO/SSFF 乙酸钠 2 0.93 280 472 本研究 RGO/SSFF 乙酸钠 2 0.91 245 337.5 本研究 SSFF 乙酸钠 2 0.9 130 127.9 本研究 RGO/碳纸 葡萄糖 1 ≤0.53 580 368 [41] RGO/碳布 葡萄糖 5 0.363 — 52.5 [42] RGO/石墨块 乳酸钠 0.43 ≤0.29 150 102 [43] GO/沸石/碳毡 乙酸钠 3 ≤1 560 280.56 [44] 聚苯胺/SSFF 乙酸钠 0.78 ≤0.39 451 360 [7] TiO2/碳纸 碳酸氢钠 2.5 ≤1.47 — 392 [13] GO气凝胶/不锈钢刷 乳酸钠 0.67 ≤0.22 500 490 [37] RGO气凝胶/钛网 乙酸钠 0.78 ≤0.39 490 583 [45] 碳纳米管/SSFF 乙酸钠 0.78 ≤0.26 620 1280 [4] RGO/SSFF 乙酸钠 0.64 ≤0.32 — 2393 [4] -
[1] OBILEKE K, ONYEAKA H, MEYER E L, et al. Microbial fuel cells, a renewable energy technology for bio-electricity generation: A mini-review[J]. Electrochemistry Communications, 2021, 125: 107003. doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107003 [2] 付宁, 黄丽萍, 葛林科, 等. 微生物燃料电池在污水处理中的研究进展[J]. 环境工程学报, 2006, 7(12): 12-14. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-9108.2006.12.003 [3] LU M, QIAN Y J, HUANG L, et al. Improving the performance of microbial fuel cells through anode manipulation[J]. ChemPlusChem, 2015, 80(8): 1216-1225. doi: 10.1002/cplu.201500200 [4] 侯俊先. 微生物燃料电池阳极改性及生物膜内部传递现象的研究[D]. 北京: 北京工业大学, 2018. [5] 董堃, 郭涛, 汪长征, 等. 微生物燃料电池阳极材料研究现状与展望[J]. 材料导报, 2017, 31(S1): 205-209. [6] GUO K, SOERIYADI A H, FENG H, et al. Heat-treated stainless steel felt as scalable anode material for bioelectrochemical systems[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2015, 195: 46-50. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.060 [7] HOU J X, LIU Z L, LI Y X. Polyaniline modified stainless steel fiber felt for high-performance microbial fuel cell anodes[J]. Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, 2015, 3(3): 165-169. doi: 10.7763/JOCET.2015.V3.189 [8] HOU J X, LIU Z L, YANG S Q, et al. Three-dimensional macroporous anodes based on stainless steel fiber felt for high-performance microbial fuel cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 258: 204-209. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.02.035 [9] HOU J X, LIU Z L, LI Y X, et al. A comparative study of graphene-coated stainless steel fiber felt and carbon cloth as anodes in MFCs[J]. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 2015, 38(5): 881-888. doi: 10.1007/s00449-014-1332-0 [10] AISWARIA P, NAINA MOHAMED S, SINGARAVELU D L, et al. A review on graphene/graphene oxide supported electrodes for microbial fuel cell applications: Challenges and prospects[J]. Chemosphere, 2022, 296: 133983. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133983 [11] LABUNOV V A, TABULINA L V, KOMISSAROV I V, et al. Features of the reduction of graphene from graphene oxide[J]. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2017, 91(6): 1088-1092. doi: 10.1134/S0036024417060140 [12] 原诗瑶. 基于泡沫镍电极的微生物燃料电池电化学性能的研究[D]. 太原: 中北大学, 2018. [13] JIA X Q, HE Z H, ZHANG X, et al. Carbon paper electrode modified with TiO2 nanowires enhancement bioelectricity generation in microbial fuel cell[J]. Synthetic Metals, 2016, 215: 170-175. doi: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2016.02.015 [14] LI Y F, ZHOU Y, XU C. Porous TiO2/rGO nanocomposites prepared by cold sintering as efficient electrocatalyst for nitrogen reduction reaction under ambient conditions[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2022, 42(4): 1548-1555. doi: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.11.063 [15] 王义安, 张学洪, 郑君健, 等. 不同基质碳源下人工湿地微生物燃料电池的电化学性能及微生物群落结构[J]. 环境工程学报, 2021, 15(11): 3696-3706. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.202108060 [16] LIU S T, SONG H L, WEI S, et al. Bio-cathode materials evaluation and configuration optimization for power output of vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell systems[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2014, 166: 575-583. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.05.104 [17] 朱进华, 薛丽仙, 杨娜, 等. MnO2-r-GO阳极对微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响[J]. 环境工程学报, 2016, 10(8): 4559-4562. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201503189 [18] SANDFORD C, EDWARDS M A, KLUNDER K J, et al. A synthetic chemist's guide to electroanalytical tools for studying reaction mechanisms[J]. Chemical Science, 2019, 10(26): 6404-6422. doi: 10.1039/C9SC01545K [19] LI H, WANG X T, ZHANG L, et al. Preparation and photocathodic protection performance of CdSe/reduced graphene oxide/TiO2 composite[J]. Corrosion Science, 2015, 94: 342-349. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2015.02.017 [20] QIU Z Z, WEI L L, WANG G, et al. Stainless steel felt as diffusion backing for high-performance microbial fuel cell cathodes[J]. RSC advances, 2015, 5(57): 4621-46217. [21] XIN S S, SHEN J G, LIU G C, et al. Electricity generation and microbial community of single-chamber microbial fuel cells in response to Cu2O nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide as cathode catalyst[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 380: 122446. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.122446 [22] LUO L J, MENG D M, HE L J, et al. Photocatalytic activation of peroxydisulfate by a new porous g-C3N4/reduced graphene oxide/TiO2 nanobelts composite for efficient degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 446: 137325. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137325 [23] NGUYEN P T N, SALIM C, KURNIAWAN W, et al. A non-hydrolytic sol-gel synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/TiO2 microsphere photocatalysts[J]. Catalysis Today, 2014, 230: 166-173. doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2013.10.017 [24] NAWAZ M, MOZTAHIDA M, KIM J, et al. Photodegradation of microcystin-LR using graphene-TiO2/sodium alginate aerogels[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2018, 199: 109-118. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.007 [25] CHUA C K, AMBROSI A, PUMERA M. Graphene oxide reduction by standard industrial reducing agent: Thiourea dioxide[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012, 22(22): 11054. doi: 10.1039/c2jm16054d [26] AL-GAASHANI R, NAJJAR A, ZAKARIA Y, et al. XPS and structural studies of high quality graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide prepared by different chemical oxidation methods[J]. Ceramics International, 2019, 45(11): 14439-14448. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.04.165 [27] NG H K M, LEO C P. The coherence between TiO2 nanoparticles and microfibrillated cellulose in thin film for enhanced dispersal and photodegradation of dye[J]. Progress in Organic Coatings, 2019, 132: 70-75. doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2019.02.017 [28] TIAN B, WANG Y, HAO M, et al. Achieving of high utilization of reduced graphene oxide-TiO2 nanoparticle composites via oxygen bonds for enhanced optical limiting performance[J]. Journal of Luminescence, 2022, 244: 118696. doi: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2021.118696 [29] WU D, OUYANG Y, ZHANG W, et al. Hollow cobalt oxide nanoparticles embedded porous reduced graphene oxide anode for high performance lithium ion batteries[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2020, 508: 145311. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.145311 [30] ZOU L, QIAO Y, WU X, et al. Synergistic effect of titanium dioxide nanocrystal/reduced graphene oxide hybrid on enhancement of microbial electrocatalysis[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 276: 208-214. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.11.127 [31] CAO S, CHEN C, ZHANG J, et al. MnOx quantum dots decorated reduced graphene oxide/TiO2 nanohybrids for enhanced activity by a UV pre-catalytic microwave method[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental, 2015, 176-177: 500-512. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.04.041 [32] 刘明, 田颖, 傅杰, 等. 改性316L不锈钢表面聚苯胺的制备及电化学性能[J]. 高等学校化学学报, 2016, 37(12): 2228-2235. doi: 10.7503/cjcu20160432 [33] RELLA S, GIURI A, CORCIONE C E, et al. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of reduced graphene oxide prepared by a novel green method[J]. Vacuum, 2015, 119: 159-162. doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2015.05.008 [34] WANG F, ZHANG K. Reduced graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite with high photocatalystic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B[J]. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:Chemical, 2011, 345(1/2): 101-107. [35] SHAN Y J, CUI J L, LIU Y, et al. TiO2 anchored on MoS2 nanosheets based on molybdenite exfoliation as an efficient cathode for enhanced Cr (VI) reduction in microbial fuel cell[J]. Environmental Research, 2020, 190: 110010. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110010 [36] PANCHANGAM S C, YELLATUR C S, YANG J, et al. Facile fabrication of TiO2-graphene nanocomposites (TGNCs) for the efficient photocatalytic oxidation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2018, 6(5): 6359-6369. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2018.10.003 [37] 杨晓双, 王凯, 冯春华, 等. 石墨烯氧化物气凝胶修饰金属阳极促进微生物燃料电池的产电性能[J]. 环境工程学报, 2017, 11(4): 2598-2606. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201510146 [38] CHEN J Y, XIE P, ZHANG Z P. Reduced graphene oxide/polyacrylamide composite hydrogel scaffold as biocompatible anode for microbial fuel cell[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 361: 615-624. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.12.116 [39] ZHANG C Y, LIANG P, YANG X F, et al. Binder-free graphene and manganese oxide coated carbon felt anode for high-performance microbial fuel cell[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2016, 81: 32-38. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.02.051 [40] RAYCHAUDHURI A, BEHERA M. Ceramic membrane modified with rice husk ash for application in microbial fuel cells[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2020, 363: 137261. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137261 [41] GUO W, CUI Y R, SONG H, et al. Layer-by-layer construction of graphene-based microbial fuel cell for improved power generation and methyl orange removal[J]. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 2014, 37(9): 1749-1758. doi: 10.1007/s00449-014-1148-y [42] LIU J, QIAO Y, GUO C X, et al. Graphene/carbon cloth anode for high-performance mediatorless microbial fuel cells[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2012, 114: 275-280. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.116 [43] CHEN J, DENG F, HU Y Y, et al. Antibacterial activity of graphene-modified anode on Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilm in microbial fuel cell[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 290: 80-86. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.03.033 [44] PAUL D, NOORI M T, RAJESH P P, et al. Modification of carbon felt anode with graphene oxide-zeolite composite for enhancing the performance of microbial fuel cell[J]. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2018, 26: 77-82. doi: 10.1016/j.seta.2017.10.001 [45] LI J N, YU Y L, CHEN D H, et al. Hydrophilic graphene aerogel anodes enhance the performance of microbial electrochemical systems[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2020, 304: 122907. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122907