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肉类屠宰厂产生的废水包含圈栏内粪便冲洗水、屠宰车间内的含血废水及褪毛高温废水,主要含有大分子有机物、动物油脂等,以及类大肠杆菌等细菌,且伴有腥臭味[1-2]。屠宰废水中COD、氨氮和总氮分别约为600~3 000 mg·L−1、50~320 mg·L−1、 80~354 mg·L−1[3-4]。屠宰废水生化处理技术比较成熟,多采用“水解酸化+生物接触氧化”[3-4]或“UASB+SBR”[5]等组合工艺。然而,UASB等工艺的基建难度较大、成本较高,并不适用于小型污水处理厂。传统生物法基建难度小、成本低,但其脱氮效率不理想且存在脱氮除磷过程中聚磷菌和硝化细菌污泥龄矛盾的问题。以传统A2/O工艺为基础的UCT工艺对COD、总氮和总磷的去除率较高,还可解决SBR、UASB、A2/O等传统工艺在脱氮除磷时存在的问题[6]。
将UCT工艺进行回流模式的改良,可提高除磷效果,并解决传统活性污泥法中污泥易流失的问题[7]。改良方法为将二沉池污泥直接回流至接触好氧池前端。其中,硝化细菌污泥龄较短,在进入好氧池后曝气量充足的情况下,会较快地适应好氧环境,然后快速增长繁殖,并降解水体中有机物及氨氮;而反硝化细菌污泥龄较长,好氧污泥进入厌氧环境后,适应期较长,优势菌种难在短时间内增长繁殖。因此,将二沉池污泥直接回流至好氧系统前端,在一定程度上可减少好氧污泥和厌氧污泥间的更替,使大部分硝化菌和反硝化细菌处于适宜生长环境下,从而解决硝化菌与反硝化菌在污泥龄上的矛盾问题,更有利于菌种培养。另一方面,聚磷菌厌氧释磷条件是绝对厌氧状态,污泥回流混合液中含有大量硝态氮及游离氧,若回流至厌氧池会破坏厌氧环境,使得厌氧池内优先发生反硝化作用,且厌氧段磷释放的有效容积减少而硝态氮也会抑制磷的释放,导致除磷效果较差。因此,通过将二沉池污泥直接回流至接触好氧池前端,可从源头上减少厌氧段内游离氧及硝态氮含量,从而提高除磷效果。
本案例以《屠宰与肉类加工工业水污染物排放标准 (征求意见稿) 》的间接排放标准为废水处理目标,基于传统生化工艺设计出一套基建难度小且能满足生产需求的改良回流模式UCT工艺。根据出水水质情况及污泥挂膜情况,调整曝气量、硝化混合液回流比、缺氧混合液回流比及污泥回流比,以完成现场运行调试,并核算改造成本与运行成本,以期为同类小型高氮屠宰废水的处理工程的设计或运行改造提供参考。
改良回流模式的UCT工艺处理高氮屠宰废水的工程案例
Engineering case of UCT process with improved reflux mode for treating high-nitrogen slaughtering wastewater
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摘要: 采用改良回流模式的UCT工艺处理高氮屠宰废水,该系统处理能力为200 m3·d−1。连续130 d的调试运行结果表明,在进水水质较稳定的情况下,该工艺对COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别达到97%、98%、94%和92%,出水水质达到《屠宰与肉类加工工业水污染物排放标准 (征求意见稿) 》的间接排放标准。该工艺调试运行初期,通过投加碳源以及微量元素,有效避免污泥老化问题;在稳定运行过程中,调整硝化混合液回流比、缺氧混合液回流比以及污泥回流比分别至267%、82%和70%,使得工艺处于最佳条件下运行;结合各工艺段荧光图谱分析结果显示,改良回流模式的UCT工艺有效降解色氨酸类物质及可溶性微生物副产物,具有较好的脱氮效果;工程改造成本中涉及设备和调试费用不高,且与传统屠宰废水处理流程比,吨水处理费下降了约30%。该工程案例的改造、调试及运行经验可为同类高氮废水处理工程提供参考。Abstract: The UCT process with a modified reflux mode was used to treat high-nitrogen slaughter wastewater with a treatment capacity of 200 m3·d-1. Under the condition of relatively stable quality of the inlet water, the results of 130 consecutive days of the commissioning and operation showed that the removal rate of COD, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus could reach 97%, 98%, 94% and 92% respectively, and the effluent water quality reached the indirect discharge standard of the"Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Slaughtering and Meat Processing Industry (Draft for Comments)". In the early stage of commissioning and operation of the process, the problem of sludge aging was effectively avoided by adding carbon sources and trace elements. In the process of stable operation, the reflux ratio of nitrifying mixture, the reflux ratio of anoxic mixture and the sludge reflux ratio were adjusted to 267%, 82% and 70%, respectively,to make the process run under the best conditions. Combined with the fluorescence spectrum analysis results of each process section, it was shown that the modified reflux mode UCT process had a good nitrogen removal effect and the tryptophan substances and soluble microbial by-products were effectively degraded during the process. The equipment and commissioning costs involved in the engineering renovation were not high, the cost of treating tons of water was about 30% lower than the traditional slaughter wasterwater treatment process. The debugging and operation experience could provide reference for the commissioning and operation of similar wastewater treatment projects.
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表 1 进水水质和排放标准
Table 1. The influent quality and discharge standard
水质指标 质量浓度/(mg·L−1) 设计进水指标 进水指标 排放标准 COD 2 500 1 700~2 000 ≤500 BOD5 1 700 1 200~1 500 ≤300 氨氮 200 300~350 ≤45 总氮 230 320~370 ≤70 总磷 20 15~20 ≤8 SS 2 000 1 700~2 000 ≤400 pH (无量纲) 6~9 6~9 6~9 动植物油 300 350~400 ≤50 表 2 各工段三维荧光光谱参数表
Table 2. Three dimensional excitation-emission fluorescence spectrum parameter table of each section
荧光峰类别 λex/λem 组分 荧光强度 A 225 nm/335 nm 色氨酸类蛋白质 图8(a):412 a.u
图8(b):82 a.uB 280 nm/336 nm 可溶性微生物副产物 图8(a):327.5 a.u
图8(b);72 a.uC 225 nm/402 nm 富里酸类腐殖质 图8(b):98 a.u
图8(c):73 a.u
图8(d):57 a.uD 290 nm/402 nm 腐殖酸类腐殖质 图8(b):88.5 a.u
图8(c):65 a.u
图8(d):56 a.u -
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