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随着化石燃料的燃烧、工农业生产的加速发展,越来越多的氮进入水环境中。含氮化肥使用、废水排放、畜禽养殖、垃圾渗滤等[1], 使得农村地下水环境硝酸盐超标现象较多,但由于硝酸盐的总体超标浓度不高[2],去除难度大。然而长期饮用硝酸超标水源,会增加患消化道癌症的风险,干扰人体红细胞的输氧功能,造成身体缺氧,同时诱导脑、神经系统等方面的疾病[3-6]。因此,在2022年国家最新发布的《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB57 49-2022)中对地下水源硝酸盐指标限值做了调整,由20 mg·L−1降低到10 mg·L−1。目前水体中硝酸盐的去除技术主要有吸附[7]、反渗透[8]、离子交换[9]、电渗析[10]、生物处理[11]、电凝聚[12]等,这些技术各有优劣,实际推广应用存在一定困难。
电容去离子(capacitive deionization, CDI)由于其节能、高效、再生成本低、不产生污染物等优点,成为一种新兴的脱盐技术。CDI的吸附即通过向两极板施加电压,使无机离子停留在电极表面,以达到去除目的;当吸附达饱和后,采用施加反向电位、短接等方式使离子离开电极孔实现再生[13]。为促进CDI技术的发展,研究人员在CDI结构设计和电极材料研制方面开展了大量研究工作。膜电容去离子技术(membrane capacitive deionization, MCDI)是CDI的升级,因离子交换膜的加入降低了共离子驱逐效应[14],大大提高了离子存储能力和再生效率,延长了电极使用寿命。LIU等[15-17]开展了CDI电极复合电极材料研制工作,进一步提高了电极的吸附容量。
近年来,有研究表明,CDI技术对离子的去除不具备选择性,对硝酸盐去除能力较差,特别是对低浓度硝酸盐、与其他离子共存时,去除后硝酸盐再生脱附困难。为解决这些问题,LI等[18]利用戊二酸(GA)和磺基琥珀酸(SSA)制备了一种新型离子交换聚合物,修饰电容去离子电极,考察其对于亚硝酸盐的选择去除能力。KIM等[19]将阴离子选择性聚合物与聚苯乙烯大孔硝酸盐选择性树脂涂覆在碳电极上,用于城市污水脱盐和膜电容去离子过程中NO3−回收,实验表明其对NO3−去除有较好的选择性。GAN等[20]将阴离子交换树脂(A520E)和羧基功能化多壁碳纳米管涂覆在活性炭电极上,组装CDI反应器,测试其对硝酸盐的选择性去除能力,实验表明涂覆两种电极后选择性有显著提高。目前开展的研究大多将离子交换树脂采用黏附方式直接附于电极上,该方法存在材料易脱落、两极板间电阻增大等缺点。
本研究通过静电纺丝法直接一体成型制备出对硝酸盐具有选择去除性能的薄膜,并将NSRM膜和碳纤维、离子交换膜组装成复合电极开展了硝酸盐去除性能研究,通过分析测试阐明了NO3−在复合电极表面的选择性电吸附过程。
选择性复合电极的制备及其对硝酸盐的去除性能
Preparation of selective composite electrode and its performance on nitrate removal
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摘要: 以IRA 402强碱性阴离子交换树脂为原料,通过静电纺丝技术制备对硝酸盐具有选择去除性能的薄膜(nitrate selective removal membrane,NSRM),采用扫描电镜、傅里叶红外、Zeta电位分析仪等仪器对其进行分析和表征,考察了纺丝时间、操作电压、循环流速、硝酸盐初始浓度和共存离子等因素对NO3−去除性能的影响。表征结果表明,NSRM膜表面粗糙多孔且带正电,薄膜上C≡N、C(O)NH、N—H等基团的存在促进NO3−的优先吸附。电吸附结果表明,纺丝时间3 h制得的NSRM膜对NO3−去除率最优,在初始质量浓度为50 mg·L−1,操作电压为2.0 V,循环流速为100 mL·min−1时硝酸盐去除率达88.17%。多离子混合条件下,NSRM薄膜对F-、Cl-有较好的选择性,对SO42−有一定选择性,对PO43-选择性不佳,其中,当NO3−与F−、Cl−物质量浓度比值为1:1时,NO3−的选择性分别为4.23和2.09。Abstract: In this study, the strong base anion exchange resin(IRA 402) doped nitrate selective removal membrane (NSRM) was prepared through electrospinning. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and Zeta potentiometer are used for its analysis and characterization. The effects of spinning time, operating voltage, circulation flow rate, nitrate initial mass concentration and coexisting ions on the NO3− removal performance were investigated. The characterization results showed that the surface of the NSRM membrane was rough, porous, and positively charged. The presence of C≡N, C(O)NH and N-H groups on the membrane promoted the preferential adsorption of NO3−. The results of electrosorption experiments showed that the NSRM membrane produced with a spinning time of 3 h had a best performance on NO3− removal, with a nitrate removal efficiency of 88.17% at an initial mass concentration of 50 mg·L−1, an operating voltage of 2.0 V, and a circulation flow rate of 100 mL·min−1. Under the multi-ion mixing conditions, the NSRM membrane had a good selectivity for F− and Cl−, a partial selectivity for SO42−, and a poor selectivity for PO43−, where the selectivity for NO3− was 4.23 and 2.09 when the mass concentration ratios of NO3− to F− or Cl− substances were 1:1, respectively.
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Key words:
- electrosorption /
- nitrate /
- composite electrode /
- selective removal
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表 1 伪一级、伪二级吸附动力学参数模型
Table 1. Parameters of pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order model
纺丝时间/h 伪一级动力学方程 伪二级动力学方程 K1/min−1 R2 K2/(g·(m−2·min−1)) R2 未添加NSRM 0.020 0.998 6 7.5×10-3 0.997 9 1.5 0.022 0.999 2 9.0×10-3 0.999 6 3 0.030 0.999 4 0.015 3 0.999 9 5 0.027 0.999 1 0.012 4 0.999 4 表 2 不同混合条件下离子单位面积吸附量
Table 2. Adsorption capacity per unit area of ions under different mixing conditions
g·m−2 NO3−: M 与F−混合 与Cl−混合 与SO42−混合 NO3− F− NO3− Cl- NO3− SO42− 0.5 2.73 1.29 2.52 2.81 2.60 4.19 1 5.74 1.35 4.70 2.25 4.92 3.70 2 10.83 1.22 9.14 2.05 9.48 3.51 表 3 添加NSRM膜前后多离子混合去除率
Table 3. Removal efficiency of multi-ion mixing before and after adding NSRM membrane
% F−:Cl−:NO3− 空白 3 h NSRM F− Cl− NO3− F− Cl− NO3− 1:1:1 30.39 40.91 49.02 55.57 70.70 81.19 1:2:1 27.11 39.71 43.66 46.62 66.06 70.94 1:1:2 36.44 51.36 57.66 60.04 74.54 81.11 -
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