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近年来,我国高铁事业迅猛发展,运营里程预计在2025年达到3.8×104 km[1-2]。高铁采用真空集便器代替传统沿线直排的如厕方式[3],集中收集和处理列车运行过程中产生的集便器污水[4]。而粪便、尿液及部分洗漱用水较常规市政污水来说具有高有机物、高氨氮、低碳氮比[5-6]等特点,极大增加了站段污水处理设施的压力。因此,在铁路段污水排放需满足《污水排入城镇下水道水质标准》 (GB/T31962-2015) B级标准[7]情况下,选择更高效的工艺对集便器污水中污染物,特别是氨氮、总氮的去除,成为铁路运输行业的水污染治理的重要内容。
集便器污水水质与黑水水质相近,有机物及悬浮固体浓度较高,且氨氮远大于有机物浓度,还可能含有病原微生物[8-9],多采用化学脱氮方法及传统硝化反硝化工艺进行处理。部分国家采用化学脱氮方法,如电解法、地面焚烧法等,但需对处理后水质及处理装置内产生的悬浮性固体进行二次分离,操作流程较复杂[10]。而传统硝化反硝化工艺脱氮往往需要足够碳氮比,在碳源不足情况下会大大影响生物脱氮处理效果,导致总氮去除效果偏低[11]。如采用单级与多级A/O-SBR工艺处理黑水,在未加碳源情况下,单级处理总氮平均去除率为51.5%;而多级处理虽有所提升,但最高仅为87.8%[12]。
厌氧氨氧化反应指在厌氧或缺氧的环境条件下厌氧氨氧化菌以氨氮为电子供体,以亚硝态氮为电子受体作用产生氮气[13]。相较于常规的生物脱氮工艺,厌氧氨氧化反应及其耦合工艺过程无需碳源消耗且可降低50%的曝气量[14-15],目前已成功应用于多种低碳氮比污水的处理。本研究采用以厌氧氨氧化反应为核心的一体式短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化工艺对高铁动车段内实际集便器污水中的氨氮、总氮及耗氧有机物 (以COD计) 进行去除研究,在实验进行的不同阶段取样分析观察系统内微生物群落多样性,以了解污染物去除性能在各个阶段的变化及耦合系统的去除机制,从而为该工艺扩大研究及现场应用提供参考。
短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化系统处理集便器污水
Treatment of toilet sewage by coupled denitrification system of short-cut nitrification and anammox
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摘要:
集便器污水具有高有机物、高悬浮物、高氨氮、高磷及低碳氮比的特点。采用一体式短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化系统进行集便器污水的污染物去除效能研究。结果表明,将氨氮为400~500 mg·L−1、COD约400 mg·L−1的集便器污水作为实验进水,按照分阶段分比例的进水方式,经过约75 d运行,最终出水氨氮及总氮仅为40.20 mg·L−1和67.40 mg·L−1,去除率分别为90.84%和86.90%,总氮去除负荷为0.141 kg·(m3·d)−1。微生物分析结果表明,Candidatus_Brocadia始终是系统内的厌氧氨氧化优势菌属,且运行稳定后其相对丰度达到约30.70%。本研究可为集便器污水脱氮工艺应用技术提供参考。
Abstract:The toilet sewage has the characteristics of high organic matter, high suspended matter, high ammonia nitrogen, high phosphorus and low carbon nitrogen ratio, the integrated short-cut nitrification and anammox coupled denitrification system was adopted in this paper to study the pollutant removal efficiency of the toilet sewage. The results showed that the sewage water with ammonia concentration of 400~500 mg·L−1, COD concentration of about 400 mg·L−1 after pretreatment with A/O device was used as the experimental water. In a phased and proportional way, the coupled system ran for 75 days ,then the ammonia and total nitrogen concentrations in the final effluent were only 40.2 mg·L−1 and 67.4 mg·L−1,, and the removal rates were as high as 90.84% and 86.9%, respectively. The total nitrogen removal load was 0.141 kg·(m3·d)−1,. Microbial analysis showed that Candidatus Brocadia was always the dominant anammox genus in the system and its relative abundance reached 30.7% after stable operation. This study can provide reference for the application technology of nitrogen removal of toilet sewage to achieve efficient and economical nitrogen removal.
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Key words:
- toilet sewage /
- anaerobic ammonia oxidation /
- denitrification /
- microbial diversity
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表 1 不同工艺实验环境参数
Table 1. Environmental parameters of different process test
工艺类型 温度/ ℃ 溶解氧/(mg·L−1) HRT /h pH 污泥回流比 A/O工艺 25±1 A:0.01~0.04
O:1.00~2.50A:6.00
O:28.807.60~8.30 150% 短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化工艺 32±2 0.10~0.40 96.00 7.90~8.10 150% 表 2 短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化系统运行参数
Table 2. Running parameters of the denitrification system of short-cut nitrification and anammox
阶段 时间/d 集便器污水所占比 氨氮/(mg·L−1) COD/(mg·L−1) Ⅰ 0~28 20% 550~600 110~160 Ⅱ 29~38 40% 490~550 210~230 Ⅲ 39~48 60% 500~550 280~300 Ⅳ 49~59 80% 500~550 340~360 Ⅴ 60~75 100% 440~500 400~450 表 3 短程硝化厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化工艺与传统硝化反硝化工艺经济性比较[44]
Table 3. Economic comparison between the coupled denitrification process of short-cut nitrification anammox and the traditional anammox process
工艺类别 产泥量 污泥处置费用 药耗 电耗 加热 系统控制 短程硝化厌氧氨
氧化耦合反硝化工艺0.013 kg·m−3
(5.13 kg·d−1)污泥可重复回收利用,
处理量较少— 32 元·d−1 3.33 元·d−1
(四季维持在32 ℃)曝气控制、温控等 传统硝化反硝化工艺 0.117 kg·m−3
(47.01 kg·d−1)70.50 元·d−1
(污泥脱水后泥饼外运)8.7 元·m−3 (甲醇) 36 元·d−1 2.18 元·d−1
(冬季,25 ℃)定时运行、内外回流等
PLC控制、曝气控制等 -
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