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镉(Cd)具有致畸和致癌作用,是对环境和人体危害最大的重金属之一[1]。环境中Cd主要来源于开采金属、电镀、农药、化肥及防腐剂等行业的排放[2]。国内外研究表明,Cd具有器官毒性,会通过空气、水、食物进入人体,长期接触可能导致癌症以及骨骼、神经、泌尿、生殖系统病变[3]。2022年3月,生态环境部发布了《关于进一步加强重金属污染防控的意见》,对包括Cd在内的5种重金属污染物排放量实施总量控制,进一步提升绿色发展。目前,处理Cd(Ⅱ)的方法有吸附法、电渗析法[4]、微生物法[5]、沉淀过滤[6]等多种,因吸附法具有简单、高效、经济等优点被广泛应用[7]。
氧化石墨烯(graphene oxide, 简称GO)是一种近年来备受关注的新型吸附材料,其表面分布众多烃基、羟基,并拥有巨大的比表面积和优异的力学性能[8]。传统GO制备方法是将石墨、高锰酸钾和98%的浓硫酸混合氧化2 h,具有一定危险性。使用电解氧化法制备GO与传统方法制备出的GO性能相似,并且减少了强氧化剂的使用,缩短了制备时间[9]。但以上2种方法制备出的GO易团聚,分散在水中较难分离。近年来,国内外学者利用各种材料对GO进行功能化改性,或通过自组装法构建一种基于石墨烯的3D宏观结构材料来解决此类问题[10-11]。GO复合材料不仅能够去除有毒重金属,如Cr(Ⅵ)[12]、Hg(Ⅱ)[13]、Pb(Ⅱ)[14]、Zn(Ⅱ)[15]、Cu(Ⅱ)[16]和放射性污染物U(Ⅵ)[17]等,还可去除多种有机物和染料,如亚甲基蓝[18]、罗丹明B[19]、刚果红[20]等。MADADRANG等[14]成功将乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)合成在GO的表面,以此增加材料表面的螯合基团,提高Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附容量。磁性纳米铁具有顺磁性,可以被磁铁吸引,WANG等[21]制备出磁性GO,不仅可以使吸附材料重复使用,并且增强了对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能。绿色吸附材料是近年来研究的热点,廉价材料受到极大的关注[22]。利用淀粉可降低材料的制备成本,BHAT等[23]制备出马铃薯双淀粉磷酸盐用于吸附铅和铜,去除率可达78.1%和58.5%,但这种复合材料存在制备复杂、难分离的缺点。淀粉由直链淀粉和支链淀粉组成,含有许多糖苷基和羟基,并且具有一定的还原性[24]。利用这种还原性将GO组装为3D结构,同时使用磁性纳米铁降低GO的团聚,并提高吸附容量。目前,国内外对于利用淀粉特性制备的淀粉/三维磁性氧化石墨烯(starch/3D magnetic graphene oxide,简称SMGO)鲜有报道。
本研究使用电解氧化法制备GO,并利用改性淀粉的还原性与磁性纳米铁一步水热合成SMGO。通过扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、能谱仪(energy dispersive spectroscopy,EDS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,FTIR)、X射线光电能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)、磁强计(vibrating sample magnetometer,VSM)等方法对材料进行表征分析;考察了不同因素对Cd(Ⅱ)在SMGO上吸附的影响,采用正交实验探讨了SMGO对Cd(Ⅱ)的最佳吸附条件;采用吸附热力学和动力学研究SMGO的吸附能力和吸附特性,以期为Cd(Ⅱ)污染废水处理的实际应用提供科学依据与技术支撑。
淀粉/三维磁性氧化石墨烯的制备及其对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附性能和机理
Preparation of starch/3D magnetic graphene oxide and its adsorption performance and mechanism to Cd(Ⅱ)
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摘要: 采用电化学法和水热合成法成功制备了淀粉/三维磁性氧化石墨烯(SMGO),通过红外光谱、扫描电镜和磁性分析证实了SMGO的成功制备。通过正交实验研究了pH、吸附时间、反应温度和转速对SMGO吸附性能的影响,采用吸附动力学和热力学分析并结合红外光谱、Zeta电位和光电能谱等手段探讨了SMGO的材料特性及吸附机理。结果表明:SMGO具有超顺磁性,其最大吸附量可达(598.7±155.4) mg·g−1;pH对吸附效果的影响最大;转速120 r·min−1、pH=10、温度25 ℃、时间60 min为最佳吸附条件;SMGO对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温线模型,主要为单分子层化学吸附过程;经过5次循环再生后SMGO对Cd(Ⅱ)的去除率仍可达到75%,是一种极具潜力的Cd(Ⅱ)绿色吸附剂。实验证明在吸附过程中SMGO吸附剂与Cd(Ⅱ)之间主要存在静电吸附和络合作用。以上研究结果可为SMGO应用于含Cd(Ⅱ)废水处理提供参考。Abstract: Starch/3D magnetic graphene oxide composite (SMGO) was successfully prepared by electrochemical and hydrothermal synthesis, and the successful preparation of SMGO was confirmed by infrared spectrum, scanning electron microscope and vibrating sample magnetometer. The orthogonal experiments were conducted to study the effects of pH, adsorption time, reaction temperature and rotation speed on the adsorption properties of SMGO. The materials characteristic and adsorption mechanism of SMGO were discussed by adsorption kinetics, thermodynamics, infrared spectrum, Zeta potential and photoelectric energy spectrum. The results show that SMGO had superparamagnetic property, and its maximum adsorption capacity could reach (598.7±155.4) mg·g−1, pH had the greatest influence on the adsorption effect. The optimum adsorption conditions were following: rotation speed of 120 r·min−1, pH10, 25 ℃ and 60 min. The adsorption of Cd(Ⅱ) by SMGO conformed to the quasi-secondary kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model, was dominated by the monolayer chemisorption process; The removal rate of Cd(Ⅱ) by SMGO could still maintain 75% after 5 cycles of regeneration. SMGO is a type of green adsorbent with high-performance. The experiments proved that electrostatic adsorption and complexation between SMGO adsorbent and Cd(Ⅱ) occurred in the adsorption process between SMGO and Cd(Ⅱ). The results can provide a reference for the application of SMGO in the treatment of wastewater containing Cd(Ⅱ).
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Key words:
- graphene oxide /
- green adsorbent /
- Cd(Ⅱ) removal /
- magnetic material
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表 1 正交试实验设计和结果
Table 1. Orthogonal experiment design and the results
名称 因素 吸附容量/
(mg·g−1)吸附
率/%(1)转速 (2)pH (3)反应
温度/ ℃(4)吸附
时间/min实验1 40 4 25 30 70.95 71 实验2 40 7 35 60 81.39 81 实验3 40 10 45 90 85.65 86 实验4 80 4 35 90 69.46 69 实验5 80 7 45 30 72.22 72 实验6 80 10 25 60 88.38 88 实验7 120 4 45 60 69.53 70 实验8 120 7 25 90 83.53 84 实验9 120 10 35 30 85.24 85 K1 237.99 209.94 242.86 228.40 — — K2 230.06 237.14 236.08 239.31 — — K3 238.30 259.27 227.40 238.63 — — k1 79.33 69.98 80.95 76.13 — — k2 76.69 79.05 78.69 79.77 — — k3 79.43 86.42 75.80 79.54 — — R 2.74 16.44 5.15 3.63 — — 注:K1~K3为每个因素各水平下的指标总和;k1~k3 为每个因素各水平下的均值;R表示极值;“—”表示无数据。 表 2 SMGO吸附水中Cd(Ⅱ)效果的综合评分方差分析
Table 2. Comprehensive evaluation of variance analysis for Cd(Ⅱ) adsorption on SMGO in the water
方差来源 离差平方和 自由度 均方差 F P 显著性 转速 14.542 2 7.271 1 0.5 — pH 407.003 2 203.502 27.988 0.034 显著 温度 40.040 2 20.02 2.753 0.283 — 时间 24.853 2 12.427 1.709 0.369 — 误差 14.542 2 — — — — 注:“—”表示无数据;P<0.05时为显著。 表 3 不同影响因素下的去除率
Table 3. Removal rate at different effect factors
不同转速下的去除率/% 不同pH下的去除率/% 不同温度下的去除率/% 不同时间下的去除率/% 40 r·min−1 80 r·min−1 120 r·min−1 4 7 10 25 ℃ 35 ℃ 45 ℃ 30 min 60 min 90 min 79.33 76.69 79.43 69.98 79.05 86.42 80.95 78.69 75.8 76.13 79.77 79.54 表 4 SMGO与其他含石墨烯吸附剂对Cd(Ⅱ)吸附性能对比
Table 4. Comparison of Cd(Ⅱ) adsorption properties of SMGO with other graphene-based adsorbents
表 5 SMGO吸附动力学模型参数
Table 5. Adsorption kinetics models parameters of SMGO
C0/(mg·g−1) qe,exp/(mg·g−1) 准一级动力学 准二级动力学 K1 qe/(mg·g−1) R12 K2 qe/(mg·g−1) R22 100 59.84 0.012 9±0.002 19.609±5.611 0.847 0.002±0.000 2 61.501±0.671 0.999 表 6 吸附等温线模型参数
Table 6. Adsorption isotherms models parameters
温度/K Langmuir模型 Freundlich模型 qm/(mg·g−1) KL R2 Kf 1/n R2 308 598.7±155.4 0.001 6±0.000 6 0.984 9 2.18±0.77 0.79±0.06 0.979 1 -
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