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颗粒物过滤技术在环境保护、职业卫生、医疗健康等领域具有广泛应用[1-4]。无论是在工业上用于处理废气的除尘滤袋,还是在劳动保护中用于净化空气的防尘口罩,纤维过滤材料在减少颗粒物排放及污染暴露中发挥着重要作用[5-7]。颗粒物过滤效果容易受到纤维材料的本身特性及外在环境条件的影响[8-9]。以往工程实践表明,环境相对湿度 (RH) 是影响颗粒物过滤效果的主要因素之一,影响程度的高低与湿度大小、粉尘成分、颗粒粒径、滤料性质等多方面的参数相关[10-12]。
在工业除尘领域,环境湿度过高往往容易引起过滤除尘效果出现衰减。王晓明[13]测试了袋式除尘器在水泥厂的实际应用情况,发现高湿度会导致粉尘黏附在滤料表面且无法通过脉冲清灰去除,严重时会导致除尘器效率显著降低、能耗大幅增加。KHIROUNI等[14]分析了冶金行业过滤除尘器的使用情况,发现环境湿度升高会引起金属氧化物颗粒沉积附着在滤料表面,造成除尘器压降显著升高。王辉[15]测试了不同相对湿度下过滤材料的强力特性变化,发现环境湿度升高会使滤料的断裂伸长率增加。BOUDHAN等[16]比较了滤袋在干燥空气和潮湿空气下的除尘效果,认为湿空气会引起清灰后残余粉尘量的大幅增加,从而减少了过滤元件有效使用寿命。以上学者虽然在应用实践中认识到环境湿度能够对粉尘过滤产生较大影响,但缺乏定量化的研究与系统化的分析,没有得出相对湿度对颗粒物过滤性能的精确影响规律。
在实验研究领域,由于忽视了颗粒物本身特性的影响,研究人员暂未得出较为一致的结论。RIBEYRE等[17]通过研究纳米颗粒在加载过程中的过滤阻力受相对湿度的影响情况,发现粉尘层的压降随着相对湿度的升高发生了增长,而 JOUBERT等[18]却发现暴露在湿空气下的粉尘层会发生压降和比阻力的下降;同样,关于环境湿度对过滤效率的影响,部分学者发现相对湿度对过滤效率的影响不明显,但湿度升高会使过滤效率出现增长[19-20]。因此,湿度对过滤效果的影响是复杂的、多因素的,应更深入地开展精确实验与定量分析以得出较为明确的规律。更为重要的是,除了在实验现象上进行描述之外,对于环境湿度影响颗粒物过滤性能的内在作用机理也需要进一步探究。
本研究主要通过实验方法测试不同湿度等级下加载粉尘颗粒物时纤维过滤材料的过滤效率及阻力变化特性。分别采用纳米和微米级的颗粒以比较不同颗粒尺寸产生的性质差异,并且引入吸湿性与非吸湿性颗粒来使结果更具有代表性。为明确环境相对湿度对颗粒物过滤效果的影响,测试不同环境湿度下颗粒物的过滤阻力、过滤效率和容尘效率的变化规律,以期为空气污染防治中颗粒物过滤技术的应用与改进提供参考。
环境相对湿度对颗粒物过滤性能的影响
Effect of ambient relative humidity on particle filtration performance
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摘要: 以吸湿性氯化钠 (NaCl) 颗粒和非吸湿性氧化铝 (Al2O3) 颗粒为实验对象,使用纤维材料过滤介质,引入纳米和微米两类颗粒物尺度,考察不同相对湿度 (RH) 环境下颗粒物过滤性能的变化规律及内在机理。结果表明:低湿度下 (RH20%和50%) 过滤吸湿性颗粒时,压降呈线性增长趋势,高湿度下 (≥RH80%) 会出现压降的急剧升高;非吸湿性颗粒受湿度变化的影响较小,但在饱和湿度下 (RH100%) 压降增长较为显著;滤料初始过滤效率对环境中相对湿度的变化不敏感,也不会受到颗粒吸湿性能差别的影响;在颗粒加载过程中,受滤料纤维表面颗粒物沉积的影响,过滤效率持续缓慢增长,但湿度超过颗粒潮解点后,对吸湿性颗粒的过滤效率出现一定程度下降,类似液体过滤机制;此外,环境湿度的变化对于纳米颗粒物过滤性能的影响远比微米颗粒更为显著。研究结果可为空气污染防治中颗粒物过滤技术的应用与改进提供参考。Abstract: This article investigated the variation pattern and intrinsic mechanism of particle filtration performance with different ambient relative humidity (RH). Hygroscopic sodium chloride (NaCl) particles and non-hygroscopic alumina (Al2O3) particles were used as experimental objects. Two types of particulate matter scales, nano and micron, were introduced in the experiments and fibrous materials were selected as filtration media. The results indicated that the pressure drop increased linearly in filtering hygroscopic particles at low humidity (RH20% and 50%), and a sharp elevation in pressure drop occurred at high humidity (≥RH80%). Non-hygroscopic particles were less affected by variations of humidity, but the growth in pressure drop was more significant at saturation humidity (RH100%). The initial filtration efficiency of the filter media was insensitive to variations in ambient relative humidity and was hardly affected by differences in the hygroscopic properties of the particles. During particle loading, the filtration efficiency continued to increase slowly due to the influence of particle deposition on the surface of the filter media fiber, but when the humidity exceeded the paticle delixing point, the filtration efficiency of hygroscopic particles decresed to a certain extent, similar to the liquid filtration mechanism. In addition, variations in ambient humidity had a more significant effect on the filtration performance of nanoparticles than microparticles. The results of this research could provide guidance for the application and improvement of particulate matter filtration technology in air pollution control.
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Key words:
- relative humidity /
- dust pollution /
- particulate matter /
- filtration efficiency /
- hygroscopicity
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表 1 测试所用滤料的性能参数
Table 1. Properties and parameters of the filter media
项目 参数 滤料材质 聚酯纤维 厚度 0.75 mm 平均纤维直径 14.5 μm 滤料基重 208 g·m-2 过滤精度 0.3~2 μm 断裂强力 经向:750 N/5*20 cm
纬向:980 N/5*20 cm允许最高使用温度 150 ℃ 允许连续使用温度 120 ℃ -
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