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双氯芬酸(DCF)属于非甾体类药物,被广泛用于人类和动物的抗炎、镇痛及解热。据统计,全球DCF年消费量约为1 400 t,每人每年的平均消费量为(0.33±0.29) g[1-2]。工业生产和动物粪便尿液导致在废水处理厂的进水和出水中频繁检测到DCF。DCF已被列入欧盟的化合物观察名单,并且在浓度低于1 μg时,痕量的DCF对几种环境物种造成了有害影响[3-4]。二价锌(Zn2+)是各种废水中最常见的重金属污染物之一。以中国养殖废水为例,每年可排放含Zn2+废水4 757 t[5]。为了预防动物疾病和刺激生长,人们经常在兽药或饲料中添加Zn2+,DCF和Zn2+以其母体或生物体产生的代谢物的形式与动物粪便和尿液一起排放,并进入废水处理系统,在废水处理系统中同时检测到DCF和Zn2+[6]。一些学者研究发现,当污水中同时存在DCF和重金属(如Zn2+)时,DCF可以通过氢键、共价键(主要是π-π相互作用)和静电引力等作用与重金属离子结合形成复合物,其复合物对细菌的毒性通常不同于DCF和重金属,导致对污染物去除的复杂影响[7-8]。因此,有必要了解重金属和DCF共存对污水处理系统性能的综合影响。
目前,对于含药物和重金属废水的处理方法有物理化学技术、生物技术以及工艺组合技术。高级氧化法处理难降解污染物质有很好的效果,具有工艺简单、去除效果好、流程短易于操作等优点,引起了众多学者的关注,Fenton试剂是一种由H2O2和Fe2+组成的反应系统,在Fe2+的催化下,H2O2迅速分解为羟基(·OH),见式(1):
由于·OH的强氧化性,使得Fenton法能够在短时间内快速去除污染物,是最实用的氧化工艺之一[9]。但UV/Fenton工艺消耗大量的Fe2+、H2O2和能量。为了降低成本,UV/Fenton通常用于生物处理法之后,作为深度处理工艺,许多研究证实,将UV/Fenton工艺作为生物处理的后续工艺能有效去除废水中的污染物。AZIZI et al[10]发现在序批式反应器(SBR)后采用Fenton工艺后,难以生物降解的偶氮染料酸性红18几乎完全被脱色,而SBR中的脱色率为88%。COD去除率接近97%,将Fenton法作为后续处理工艺较单一SBR法有明显提高。PUNZI et al[11]实验发现在生物处理后进行的UV/Fenton工艺将COD的去除率从60%提高到92%。NOUSHEEN et al[12]采用UASB和UV/Fenton工艺处理混合生活和工业废水。结果表明,生物处理降低了原进水的污染负荷,UV/Fenton去除了废水中90%以上的COD和80%以上的色度。ZHANG et al[13]将UV/Fenton作为序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)后处理工艺用于垃圾渗滤液处理,结果发现组合工艺COD和BOD5去除率方面取得了显著的提高。在污水处理中,生物技术主要用于降低COD、TN和TP,单一的生物处理技术通常无法达到良好的去除效率。因此,生物技术与化学氧化技术相结合的组合工艺引起了众多学者的关注,UV/Fenton化学氧化可作为深度处理技术被用于进一步去除药物,不但能极大地降低处理成本,而且可以有针对性地对废水中残余的、具有生物毒性或抑制性的污染物进行降解。然而,目前关于UV/Fenton氧化技术作为深度处理方法在去除重金属和DCF复合污染方面的研究较少。因此,开发一种可靠、简便、操作难度低的污水处理方法,对解决重金属和DCF复合污染问题具有较强的现实意义。
针对含DCF和Zn2+废水生化处理存在的COD偏高和DCF不能有效去除等问题,本文以50 mg/L DCF和5 mg/L Zn2+单一及复合溶液为研究对象,采用UV/Fenton作为深度处理工艺,探究高级氧化过程中H2O2浓度、Fe2+浓度和反应时间对COD、DCF和NH4+-N去除率的影响。在综合考虑经济性和去除率后,寻求最佳高级氧化反应条件。
UV/Fenton法深度处理含双氯芬酸和锌废水的工艺优化
Optimization of UV/Fenton process for advanced treatment of wastewater containing diclofenac and Zn2+
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摘要: 为研究含药物和重金属复合废水的处理方法,采用UV/Fenton工艺对经过生物处理后的含双氯芬酸(DCF)和Zn2+废水进行处理,通过单因素实验法分析了H2O2浓度、Fe2+浓度和反应时间对废水中COD、DCF和
${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N去除效果的影响。结果表明,随着H2O2浓度和Fe2+浓度投加量的升高,COD和DCF的去除率呈先上升后下降的趋势,${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N的去除率则趋于稳定。随着反应时间的增加,COD、DCF和${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N除率均为先上升后趋于平衡。结合成本和效率考虑,得出最佳处理条件为:H2O2的最佳投加量为600 mg/L,Fe2+的最佳投加量为45 mg/L,最佳反应时间应设置为90 min。Abstract: In order to study the treatment method of composite wastewater containing drugs and heavy metals, the wastewater containing DCF and Zn2+ after biological treatment was treated by UV/Fenton process. The effects of H2O2 concentration, Fe2+ concentration and reaction time on the removal of COD, DCF and${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N in the wastewater were analyzed by a single factor experiment method. The results showed that with the increase of H2O2 concentration and Fe2+ concentration, the removal rates of COD and DCF increased firstly and then decreased, while the removal rate of${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N tended to be stable. With the increase of reaction time, the removal rates of COD, DCF and${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ -N increased firstly and then tended to its equilibrium. Considering the cost and efficiency, the optimal treatment conditions were obtained as follows: the optimal dosage of H2O2 was 600 mg/L, the optimal dosage of Fe2+ was 45 mg/L, and the optimal reaction time was 90 min.-
Key words:
- UV/Fenton /
- DCF /
- Zn2+ /
- H2O2 concentration /
- Fe2+ concentration
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表 1 人工配置的模拟废水
Table 1. Artificially configured simulated wastewater
药品名称 质量浓度/mg·L−1 无水乙酸钠 573.00 氯化铵 152.00 磷酸二氢钾 44.00 双氯芬酸钠 69.83 七水硫酸锌 21.98 -
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