基于PCA的非甾体抗炎药与消毒副产物复杂混合物对2种水生生物的毒性作用比较
Comparison of Toxicity Interactions within Complex Mixtures of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Disinfection Byproducts between Two Aquatic Organisms by PCA
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摘要: 非甾体抗炎药(nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,NSAIDs)与消毒副产物(disinfection by-products,DBPs)在水环境中广泛存在，很可能对暴露其中的生物产生联合毒性，但不同的生物响应不同。因此，以双氯芬酸钠、布洛芬钠、萘普生钠、氯乙酸、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸为目标污染物，采用均匀设计射线法设计它们的复杂六元混合物体系(2个体系，每个体系含7条射线U1~U7)，运用时间毒性微板分析法系统测定混合物体系分别对2种指示生物青海弧菌(Q67)和蛋白核小球藻(C.pyrenoidosa)在不同暴露时间的毒性数据，采用浓度加和(CA)与绝对残差(dCA)2种模型对混合物的毒性相互作用进行定性分析和定量表征，并采用主成分分析法(PCA)分析六元混合物体系对2种水生生物的毒性相互作用差异。结果表明：六元混合物对Q67和C.pyrenoidosa均具有时间和浓度比依赖毒性，但变化规律不同，对Q67的毒性除U2和U4随时间先减弱后增强外，其余射线均减弱，而对C.pyrenoidosa除U1、U4和U5毒性随时间减弱外，其余射线均增强。以半数效应浓度的负对数(pEC50)为毒性指标，各条射线对Q67和绿藻的毒性差异不明显，对Q67的毒性强弱顺序在12 h为U5>U4>U6>U7>U2>U3>U1，对C.pyrenoidosa毒性强弱顺序在96 h为U5>U7>U4>U6>U2>U3>U1。混合物体系对Q67和C.pyrenoidosa毒性相互作用均存在协同和拮抗作用，也具有浓度比和时间依赖性，但变化规律不同，对Q67协同作用较对绿藻的明显，且出现在8 h的射线U5，而对C.pyrenoidosa的拮抗作用较强，出现在96 h的U1射线，但对2种生物的协同和拮抗作用差异不显著。六元混合物体系均会不同程度的损坏Q67和C.pyrenoidosa的细胞结构，造成细胞内过氧化物过量累积，细胞膜脂质过氧化，破坏细胞膜和细胞器膜，胞内电导液外泄，但Q67细胞的受损程度较C.pyrenoidosa的明显。Abstract: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and disinfection by-products (DBPs) are widely available in the environment and probably cause combined toxicity, but the responses of different organisms vary. Therefore, six pollutants including diclofenac sodium, ibuprofen sodium, naproxen sodium, chloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were selected as target pollutants and used to design two complex hexatomic mixture systems each containing seven rays (U1~U7), using the uniform design ray method. The toxicity data of hexatomic mixture systems towards Q67 and C. pyrenoidosa towards two biological indicators Vibrio qingqingensis sp. -Q67 (Q67) and Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) at different exposure time were investigated, respectively by the time-toxicity microplate analysis. Concentration addition (CA) and deviation from CA model (dCA) models were used to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize toxicity interactions within mixtures, and the principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the differences in toxicity interactions between the two aquatic organisms. The results showed that hexatomic mixture systems exhibited time- and concentration-dependent toxicity to both Q67 and C. pyrenoidosa, but the changing trend differed. The toxicity to Q67 was weakened except U2 and U4 which first weakened and then increased with time, and the toxicity to C. pyrenoidosa was strengthened except U1, U4 and U5 which weakened with time. Taking the negative logarithm of half effective concentration (pEC50) as the toxicity index, the toxicity of each ray to Q67 and green algae differed insignificantly. And the toxicity order for Q67 at 12 h was U5>U4>U6>U7>U2>U3>U1, and for C. pyrenoidosa at 96 h was U5>U7>U4>U6>U2>U3>U1. The mixture systems also had time-/concentration ratio-dependent synergistic and antagonistic effects on both Q67 and C. pyrenoidosa, but the changing trends differed. The synergistic effect on Q67 was stronger than on C. pyrenoidosa, and the strongest synergism appeared at 8 h of ray U5. The antagonism was more obvious for C. pyrenoidosa than that of Q67, and the strongest antagonism was observed at 96 h of U1 ray. However, the difference of synergism and antagonism between the two test organisms was not remarkable. Hexatomic mixture systems can damage the normal cell structure of Q67 and C. pyrenoidosa to varying degrees, resulting in excessive accumulation of intracellular peroxide, lipid peroxidation of cell membrane, destruction of cell membrane and organelles, and leakage of intracellular conductance fluid, but the damage degree of Q67 cells is more obvious than that of C. pyrenoidosa.
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