拉萨市垃圾填埋场地下水水质的居民健康风险评价
Health risk assessment of groundwater quality in Lhasa landfill
-
摘要: 对拉萨市垃圾填埋场地区地下水6个监测井中的Cr6+、As、Cd、Pb、NO3--N、F-、Cl-指标采用美国环保局USEPA推荐的健康风险评价模型，按照不同人群进行健康风险评价.评价结果表明，通过暴露剂量计算，在饮水途径和皮肤接触途径下非致癌物暴露剂量一般高于致癌物暴露剂量；饮水途径暴露剂量高于皮肤接触途径下的暴露剂量.致癌污染物在饮水途径下风险值大于皮肤接触途径下的风险值，其中饮水途径下风险贡献为Cr6+ > As > Cd，Cr6+风险值超过USEPA的最大可接受水平1×10-4；在皮肤接触途径下贡献为Cr6+ > As > Cd，Cr6+的风险值超过瑞典环保局、荷兰建设环保局、英国皇家协会和IAEA最大可接受风险水平；非致癌风险的污染物贡献最大的是Cl-，其通过饮水暴露途径在成人中风险值高于瑞典环保局（1×10-6）、荷兰建设环保局（1×10-6）、英国皇家协会（1×10-6）和IAEA（5×10-7）最大可接受水平.因此，致癌物中Cr6+成为主要的致癌物，人们在饮水中要将其去除，起到预防癌症和减少患癌的几率.Abstract: In this paper, the indicators of Cr6+, As, Cd, Pb, NO3-N, F-, and Cl- in the 6 monitoring wells of groundwater in the Lhasa landfill site were evaluated through the health risk assessment model recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA), which allows the pollutants to be assessed for health risks according to different populations. The results evaluation show that the exposure dose of non-carcinogens through drinking water route and skin contact route is generally higher than that of carcinogen exposure by exposure dose calculation; The exposure dose of drinking water route is higher than that of skin contact route. The risk value of carcinogenic pollutants through the drinking water route is greater than the risk value through the skin contact route. Specifically, the risk contribution under of drinking water route is Cr6+ > As > Cd, and the risk value of Cr6+ exceeds 1×10-4 the maximum acceptable level of USEPA; In skin contact, the contribution is Cr6+ > As > Cd, and the risk value of Cr6+ exceeds the maximum acceptable risk level of Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Netherlands Construction Environmental Protection Agency, Royal Society and IAEA; Meanwhile, as the largest contributor to non-carcinogenic risk, the exposure of Cl- in adults through drinking water is higher than that of maximum acceptable level of Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (1×10-6), Netherlands Construction Environmental Protection Agency(1×10-6), Royal Society(1×10-6) and IAEA(5×10-7). Finally, it is clear that Cr6+ is a major carcinogen. Therefore, Cr6+ in drinking water needs to be removed in order to reduce the risk of cancer.
-
Key words:
- landfill site /
- groundwater /
- health risk assessment /
- Lhasa City
-
-
[1] 黄磊, 李鹏程, 刘白薇. 长江三角洲地区地下水污染健康风险评价[J]. 安全与环境工程, 2008, 15(2):26-29. HUANG L, LI P C, LIU B W. Health risk assessment of pollution in groundwater-A aase study in Changjiang Delta[J]. Safety and Environmental Engineering, 2008, 15(2):26-29(in Chinese).
[2] 汪珊, 孙继朝, 李政红. 长江三角洲地区地下水环境质量评价[J]. 水文地质工程地质, 2005, 32(6):30-33. WANG S, SUN J C, LI Z H. Groundwater quality evaluation in the delta area of the Yangtze River[J]. Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, 2005, 32(6):30-33(in Chinese).
[3] 马进军, 朱宏亮, 赵三平,等. 某再生水景观瀑布的挥发性有机物健康风险评价[J]. 环境与健康杂志, 2008, 25(7):604-608. MA J J, ZHU H L, ZHAO S P, et al. Health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds emission from reclaimed water used artificial water fall sight[J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 2008, 25(7):604-608(in Chinese).
[4] 章霖之, 丁倩, 戴玄吏,等. 某废弃农药生产场地地下水挥发性有机物污染健康风险评价[J]. 环境监测管理与技术, 2014,26(5):24-27. ZHANG L Z, DING Q, DAI X L, et al. Health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds pollution in groundwater of an abandoned pesticide production site[J]. The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring, 2014,26(5):24-27(in Chinese).
[5] 张丰述. 拉萨市城市环境地质评价[D]. 成都:成都理工大学, 2011. ZHANG F S. The Evaluation of urban environmental geology in Lhasa City[D]. Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology, 2011(in Chinese). [6] 安红梅, 邓利君, 赵矿, 等. 西藏地下水水化学特征及水质评价[J]. 水利规划与设计, 2018,24(8):45-47. AN H M, DENG L J, ZHAO K, et al. Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality assessment of groundwater in Tibet[J]. Water Resources Planning and Design,2018,24(8):45-47(in Chinese).
[7] 吴凤芝. 论拉萨市地下水开发利用及保护措施探讨[J]. 西藏科技, 2012,24(1):36-37. WU F Z. Discussion on the exploitation and protection of groundwater in Lhasa City[J]. Tibet Science and Technology, 2012,24(1):36-37(in Chinese).
[8] 胡二邦. 环境风险评价实用技术和方法[M]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2000. HU E B. Practical technology and method for environmental risk assessment[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press, 2000(in Chinese). [9] 黄艳红, 常薇, 何振宇. 武汉市农村地区地下水健康风险评价[J]. 环境与健康杂志, 2010, 27(10):892-894. HUANG Y H, CHANG W, HE Z Y. Health risk assessment of rural groundwater in Wuhan,Hubei[J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 2010, 27(10):892-894(in Chinese).
[10] 张晟, 黎莉莉, 张勇,等. 三峡水库135 m蓄水前后水体重金属环境健康风险评价[J]. 环境污染与防治, 2006, 28(11):865-867. ZHANG S, LI L L, ZHANG Y, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in water body of the Three Gorges Reservoir before and after the water level reached 135 meters[J]. Environmental Pollution & Control, 2006, 28(11):865-867(in Chinese).
[11] 王静, 刘铮铮, 许行义,等. 浙江省饮用水源有机毒物污染特征及健康风险研究[J]. 环境污染与防治, 2010, 32(7):29-33. WANG J, LIU Z Z, XU X Y, et al. Study on pollution pattern and health risk of organic toxicants in Zhejiang source water[J]. Environmental Pollution & Control, 2010, 32(7):29-33(in Chinese).
[12] USEPA. Superfund public health evaluation manual[R]. Washington DC:Office of Research and Development U.S. EPA, EPAP540P1286P060,1986. [13] USEPA. Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I human health evaluation manual (part B)[R]. EPA/540/R-89/003, 1991. [14] 杨莉霞, 王琳, 姜朴, 等. 淮河流域某地区地下水污染健康风险评价[J]. 环境化学, 2011, 30(9):1599-1603. YANG L X, WANG L, JIANG P, et al. Health risk assessment of pollution in groundwater of Huaihe River Basin[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2011, 30(9):1599-1603(in Chinese).
[15] 陈卫平, 彭程伟, 杨阳,等. 北京市地下水有机氯和有机磷农药健康风险评价[J]. 环境科学, 2018, 39(1):117-122. CHEN W P, PENG C W, YANG Y,et al. Health risk evaluation of organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides in groundwater in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science, 2018, 39(1):117-122(in Chinese).
[16] 中国西藏网. 西藏秘密:平均多活32.7岁,为什么?[EB/OL].[2016-01-31 ]//www.tibet.cn TIBET CN. Tibet secret:live an average of 32.7 years longer, why?[EB/OL].[2016-01-31]//www.tibet.cn(in Chinese).
[17] 张海林, 林广奇, 马河宽, 等. 济南东部岩溶水有机污染健康风险评价[J]. 山东国土资源, 2018, 34(11):32-37. ZHANG H L, LIN G Q, MA H K,et al. Health assessment of organic pollution of karst water in Eastern Jinan[J]. Shandong Land and Resources, 2018,34(11):32-37(in Chinese).
[18] Office of Research and Development, USEPA. Health Effect Assessment Summary Tables, Annual FY-1991[R]. Washington D C, 1991. [19] 吴军年, 赵军平, 刘小晖. 河西走廊中段某地区地下水污染的健康风险评价[J]. 安全与环境工程, 2013, 20(3):66-68. WU J N, ZHAO J P, LIU X H. Health risk assessment of the groundwater pollution of a region in the middle of Hexi Corridor[J]. Safety and Environmental Engineering, 2013, 20(3):66-68(in Chinese).
[20] 徐斌,张艳.泾惠渠灌区浅层地下水硝酸盐污染特征及健康风险评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(7):70-75. . XU B, ZHANG Y. Contamination characteristics and human health risk assessment of nitrate in shallow groundwater at Jinghui irrigation district in Shaanxi province,China[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2018,32(7):70-75(in Chinese).
[21] 孟春芳, 宋孝玉, 赵文举,等. 新乡市农村浅层地下水健康危害及污染源识别[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2017, 17(5):2024-2030. MENG C F, SONG X Y, ZHAO W J, et al. Health risk assessment and the pollutant source identification of the shallow groundwater in Xinxiang rural areas[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2017, 17(5):2024-2030(in Chinese).
[22] 郑婵娟, 赵秀阁, 黄楠, 等. 我国成人饮水摄入量研究[J]. 环境与健康杂志, 2014, 31(11):967-970. ZHENG C J, ZHAO X G, HUANG N, et al. Investigation of drinking water intake rate of adults in China[J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 2014, 31(11):967-970(in Chinese).
[23] 宋雁, 刘爱东, 刘飒娜,等. 我国西藏等地区成年人边销茶消费量调查分析[J]. 中国茶叶加工, 2016,25(1):42-45. SONG Y, LIU A D, LIU S N, et al. Adults border-selling tea consumption survey of Tibet and Other Regions in China[J]. China Tea Processing, 2016,25(1):42-45(in Chinese).
[24] U.S.EPA. Exposure factors handbook[S]. EPA/600/P-95/002, 1997. [25] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Exposure factors handbook[R]. Washington DC:Office of Research and Development, U.S.EPA, 1989. [26] 周文武,陈冠益,旦增,等. 垃圾填埋场区域地下水铅的修复方案比选——以拉萨市为例[J].环境工程, 2020, 38(6):163-168. ZHOU W W, CHEN G Y, DAN Z, et al. Comparison and selection of rehabilitation schemes for groundwater lead in landfill area:A case study of Lhasa[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2020, 38(6):163-168(in Chinese).
[27] 吕利, 吴勇, 孙先锋,等. 四川德阳地区地下水环境健康风险评价[J]. 地下水, 2012, 34(1):98-101. LV L, WU Y, SUN X F, et al. Environmental health risk assessment of groundwater in Deyang Area, Sichuan Province[J]. Ground Water, 2012, 34(1):98-101(in Chinese).
[28] 段小丽, 王宗爽, 于云江,等. 垃圾填埋场地下水污染对居民健康的风险评价[J]. 环境监测管理与技术, 2008, 20(3):20-24. DUAN X L, WANG Z S, YU Y J, et al. Health risk assessment for residents exposure to underground water near a landfill site[J]. The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring, 2008, 20(3):20-24(in Chinese).
[29] 林曼利, 桂和荣, 彭位华, 等. 典型矿区深层地下水重金属含量特征及健康风险评价——以皖北矿区为例[J]. 地球学报, 2014,35(5):589-598. LIN M L, GUI H R, PENG W H, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in deep groundwater from different aquifers of a typical coal mining area:A case study of a coal mining area in northern Anhui Province[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2014,35(5):589-598(in Chinese).
[30] 余彬. 泾惠渠灌区浅层地下水中重金属的健康风险评价[D].西安:长安大学, 2010. YU B. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater in jinghuiqu irrigation district[D]. Xi'an:Chang'an University, 2010(in Chinese). [31] 杨彦, 于云江, 魏伟伟, 等. 常州市浅层地下水重金属污染对城区、城郊居民健康风险评价[J]. 环境化学, 2013,32(2):202-211. YANG Y, YU Y J, WEI W W, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in shallow groundwater in urban and suburban areas of Changzhou[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2013,32(2):202-211(in Chinese).
-
点击查看大图
计量
- 文章访问数: 2140
- HTML全文浏览数: 2140
- PDF下载数: 53
- 施引文献: 0
下载:
