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随着工业化程度的提高,哮喘、过敏性鼻炎、湿疹等过敏性疾病在全世界范围内呈逐年增高的趋势[1-2],世界卫生组织(WHO)已经把过敏性疾病列为“21世纪重点研究和预防的疾病”。目前全球已有大量研究证实了尘螨与过敏性哮喘、过敏性鼻炎、湿疹等过敏性疾病密切相关[3-4]。尘螨在全世界各个国家都有分布,全世界范围内最为常见的尘螨种类是屋尘螨(Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus)和粉尘螨(Dermatophagoides farinae)[5]。尘螨中的某些蛋白质被认为是导致过敏的主要成分。免疫学研究证明,I类过敏原蛋白是引发尘螨过敏性疾病的主要因素,超过80%的尘螨过敏患者对I类过敏原蛋白(粉尘螨I类过敏原蛋白Der f1 和屋尘螨I类过敏原蛋白 Der p1)的皮肤针刺试验和血清IgE检测呈阳性[6].
有研究表明,O3浓度水平的升高和NOx的存在会引起过敏原蛋白的硝化,从而提高过敏原蛋白的致敏性[7-8],使得人体罹患过敏性疾病的风险增加。蛋白质的硝化主要是指蛋白质中酪氨酸残基被硝化成3-硝基酪氨酸(3-nitrotyrosine,3-NT)的过程。空气污染是当前我国面临的主要环境问题之一。尽管经过近几年的强力治理,PM10、PM2.5、SO2等典型大气污染物已经得到初步的控制,但O3的浓度却在逐年升高[9],这使得过敏原蛋白被硝化的可能性大大增强,给人们的健康增添极大的隐患。因此,环境中过敏原蛋白和硝化过敏原蛋白的存在及含量状况亟需得到大家的重视。
目前最常使用的检测过敏原的分析方法是基于抗体的酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)方法和基于DNA的聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法。ELISA方法灵敏度高,检测时间短[10],但目前市面上大部分试剂盒都是针对单一过敏原设计的,无法对多种过敏原同时进行检测,检测通量较低,并可能存在结构类似物的交叉反应[11];PCR方法虽然可以实现多种目标物同步检测,但它通过测定RNA来间接定量致敏蛋白,易受过敏原蛋白质的浓度、物种、生长条件和DNA水平等限制[12],且容易出现假阳性结果。两种方法都难以适用于当今环境中过敏原的高通量及痕量检测[13]。酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)也可以用于硝化蛋白质的测定,但ELISA方法以硝化牛血清蛋白为对象制作标准曲线,而所检测的样品中硝化蛋白与抗体的结合能力可能与硝化牛血清蛋白不同,因此ELISA方法只是半定量检测硝化蛋白的方法[14],而且抗体也并非目标硝化蛋白质的特应性抗体。
相比于PCR和ELISA检测,高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术(HPLC-MS/MS)利用测序级胰蛋白酶将目标蛋白酶切成相对分子质量较小的多肽混合物,利用一级质谱(MS)或串联质谱(MS/MS)技术检测多肽混合物中各多肽的相对分子质量或碎片离子信息,找到响应好且能够特异性代替目标蛋白的目标多肽。在质谱多反应监测模式(MRM)下,只对目标多肽进行定量分析,从而反算目标蛋白质的含量。高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术不仅能直接对目标过敏原进行鉴定,还可以同时分析不同亚型和修饰状况,方法的选择性、准确度和通量均有很大提高,目前已被广泛应用于食物过敏原蛋白质的研究中[15]。但目前对于利用HPLC-MS/MS检测环境样品中的尘螨过敏原蛋白质及其硝化产物的研究还鲜见报道。
本研究利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术,选择尘螨主要过敏原蛋白Der f 1和Der p 1及其硝化产物nitrated Der f 1和nitrated Der p 1为研究对象,建立能够同时测定环境中两种尘螨主要过敏原蛋白含量及其硝化产物的定量检测方法。并应用该方法检测环境样本中两种尘螨过敏原蛋白及其硝化产物,通过定量检测环境中的尘螨过敏原蛋白的含量水平为进一步揭示环境中尘螨过敏性疾病的健康风险以及有效预防和避免尘螨过敏提供可靠依据。
尘螨过敏原蛋白及其硝化产物的鉴别
Identification of house dust mite allergens and their nitrated products
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摘要: 过敏原蛋白是引发尘螨过敏性疾病的主要因素。空气污染物O3和NOX能够引起过敏原蛋白的硝化,从而增强其致敏性。然而,目前还缺乏尘螨过敏原蛋白硝化产物的准确定量方法。本文建立了一种能够同时测定环境中两种主要尘螨过敏原蛋白(Der f 1和Der p 1)及其硝化产物(Nitrated Der f 1和Nitrated Der p 1)的检测方法。该方法将样品中的过敏原蛋白酶解消化成小分子的多肽,通过超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定小分子多肽,从而对过敏原蛋白及其硝化产物进行定性和定量分析。该方法采用同位素内标法定量,方法检测限(MDL)为0.33 µg·g−1(Der p 1)—0.57 µg·g−1(Nitrated Der p 1),相对回收率在43.0%—80.0%之间,方法选择性好,准确度和分析通量高。利用该方法对办公室灰尘中的尘螨过敏原蛋白及其硝化产物进行分析,结果表明所测灰尘样本中Der f 1含量为0.84—1.36 µg·g−1,Nitrated Der f 1含量为3.71—35.6 µg·g−1,Der p 1含量为10.3—30.0 µg·g−1,Nitrated Der p 1含量为2.16—8.54 µg·g−1。Der f 1硝化率为80%—96%,Der p 1硝化率为14%—43%。风险评估结果显示所测灰尘样本的风险指数(RI)值为9—38,均处于高风险水平。Abstract: Allergen is the main contributor of allergic diseases caused by dust mite. Airborne pollutants O3 and NOx can lead to nitration of allergens, resulting in increase of the sensitization of these allergens. However, there is no accurate method to quantify the nitrated products of dust mite allergens up to date. A method was developed for the simultaneously determination of house dust mite allergens (Der f 1 and Der p 1) and their nitrated products (Nitrated Der f 1 and Nitrated Der p 1) in the environment. In this method, the allergen in the sample was enzymatically digested into small molecule polypeptides, and the small molecule polypeptides were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), so as to conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis of allergens and their nitrated products. Isotope internal standards were employed for quantification. The method detection limits (MDL) ranged from 0.33 µg·g−1 of Der p 1 to 0.57 µg·g−1 of Nitrated Der p 1. The relative recoveries were 43.0%—80.0% for the analytes. The method showed good selectivity, high accuracy and analytical throughput. The house dust mite allergens and their nitrated products in office dusts were analyzed by this method. The results showed that the content of Der f 1 in the dust samples was 0.84—1.36 µg·g−1, the content of Nitrated Der f 1 was 3.71—35.6 µg·g−1, the content of Der p 1 was10.3—30.0 µg·g−1, and the content of Nitrated Der p 1 was 2.16—8.54 µg·g−1.The nitrification rate was 80%—96% for Der f 1 and 14%—43% for Der p 1, respectively. The risk assessment showed that the risk index (RI) value of the measured dust samples was 9—38, all of which were at a high risk level.
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Key words:
- house dust mite /
- allergens /
- nitration /
- air pollution /
- liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry /
- risk
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表 1 重组蛋白Der f 1和Der p 1的氨基酸序列
Table 1. Amino acid sequences of the recombinant proteins Der f 1 and Der p 1
Der f1 MASIKTFEEFKKAFNKNYATVEEEEVARKNFLESLKYVEANKGAINHLSDLSLDEFKNRYLMSAEAFEQLKTQFDLNAETSACRINSVNVPSELDLRSLRTVTPIRMQGGCGSAWAFSGVAATESAYLAYRNTSLDLSEQELVDCASQHGCHGDTIPRGIEYIQQNGVVEERSYPYVAREQRCRRPNSQHYGISNYCQIYPPDVKQIREALTQTHTAIAVIIGIKDLRAFQHYDGRTIIQHDNGYQPNYHAVNIVGYGSTQGDDYWIVRNSWDTTWGDSGYGYFQAGNNLMMIEQYPYVVIHHHHHH Der p1 MSIKTFEEYKKAFNKSYATFEDEEAARKNFLESVKYVQSNGGAINHLSDLSLDEFKNRFLMSAEAFEHLKTQFDLNAETNACSINGNAPAEIDLRQMRTVTPIRMQGGCGSAWAFSGVAATESAYLAYRNQSLDLAEQELVDCASQHGCHGDTIPRGIEYIQHNGVVQESYYRYVAREQSCRRPNAQRFGISNYCQIYPPNVNKIREALAQTHSAIAVIIGIKDLDAFRHYDGRTIIQRDNGYQPNYHAVNIVGYSNAQGVDYWIVRNSWDTNWGDNGYGYFAANIDLMMIEEYPYVVILHHHHHH 注:加粗带下划线的字母代表本实验中所鉴定出的目标多肽,目标多肽中倾斜的字母代表酪氨酸.
Note: the underlined character in bold stands for the signature peptide identified in the present study and the slanted character in the signature peptide stands for tyrosine.表 1 4种特征多肽及其同位素多肽的仪器参数
Table 1. Instrumental parameters of 4 signature peptides and their isotope-labeled peptides
多肽
Peptides保留时间/min
Retention time反应离子对
Transitions锥孔电压/V
Cone碰撞能量/eV
Collision energy对应内标物
Internal standardAR-8 3.15 497.3 > 647.3* 2 20 13C614N4-AR-8 497.3 > 775.3 2 20 NO2-AR-8 3.88 519.8 > 692.3* 2 20 13C614N4-AR-8 519.8 > 820.3 2 20 SR-12 4.41 695.1 > 819.3* 16 20 13C614N4-SR-12 695.1 > 966.4 16 20 NO2-SR-12 5.05 717.6 > 819.3* 70 25 13C614N4-SR-12 717.6 > 966.4 70 25 13C614N4-AR-8 3.15 502.3 > 657.3* 2 20 502.3 > 785.3 2 20 13C614N4-SR-12 4.41 700.1 > 829.3* 2 20 700.1 > 976.4 2 20 *定量离子对.
* Quantification transition.表 2 4种特征多肽的方法参数
Table 2. Method parameters of 4 signature peptides
多肽/蛋白质
Peptides/Proteins基质效应ME /% 相对回收率Rr/% 仪器检测限a
IDL/
(ng·mL−1)方法检测限b
MDL/
(ng·g−1)5 ng·mL−1 50 ng·mL−1 5 ng·mL−1 50 ng·mL−1 AR-8 20.2 17.3 75.8 68.8 0.013 1.75 NO2−AR-8 38.3 45.5 80.0 64.2 0.012 1.61 SR-12 32.9 40.5 50.4 75.5 0.010 0.31 NO2−SR-12 22.7 21.2 43.0 56.2 0.014 0.56 Der f 1 408.33 nitrated Der f 1 355.83 Der p 1 327.87 nitrated Der p 1 568.6 aIDL值为不同浓度计算得到的最小值. aIDL value is the minimum value calculated at different concentrations.
b对于多肽,MDL计算中的相对回收率 R r值取5、50 ng·mL-1两种加标浓度下的平均值。对于过敏原蛋白,MDL计算中选取的酶解效率为酶/底物为1:100时的效率. bIn calculation of MQL for peptides, R r value is the average of two spiking levels of 5 ng·mL−1 and 50 ng·mL−1. In calculation of MQL for allergen proteins, enzymolysis efficiency is the efficiency when the enzyme/substrate is 1:100. -
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