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高氯酸盐(ClO4−)稳定性高,是一种持久性无机污染物,在自然环境条件下,需要几十年甚至更长时间才能降解[1-2]。其水溶性强、有毒,可刺激人的皮肤、眼睛和黏液膜,引起咳嗽和呼吸障碍等症状,可通过皮肤接触被人体吸收,抑制人体对碘的吸收[3],干扰甲状腺激素水平,影响新陈代谢及生长发育[4-5]。基于高氯酸盐的强氧化性和高稳定性,其常被用于烟花制造[6]、火箭固体燃料、安全气囊的爆炸物、军火工业、爆破作业等,也被作为添加剂应用于电镀、制革、橡胶制品、燃料涂料等行业[7-8]。
现阶段研究发现,高氯酸盐在很多环境介质都有检出[5-6],大气颗粒物也不例外。有研究表明,除夕当晚兰州烟花爆竹燃放过后,PM10—100中的高氯酸盐含量高达39.16 ng·m−3,PM10中的高氯酸盐浓度为9.89 ng·m−3[9]。也有研究者测试了秋冬季长沙某点位环境空气PM2.5中的高氯酸盐,浓度范围为3.09—5.86 ng·m−3,且PM2.5中的高氯酸盐浓度普遍高于PM2.5—10中的高氯酸盐浓度,在粒径小于10 μm的颗粒物中,高氯酸盐主要积累在PM2.5等细颗粒上[10]。PM2.5是以有害化学物质为主体的微小粒子[11],可以经呼吸进入肺部,引发肺部炎症[12]。由于高氯酸盐水溶性极强,经呼吸随PM2.5进入人体后很容易被吸收,故本研究主要围绕环境空气PM2.5中的高氯酸盐开展。
ClO4−的测定方法主要有离子色谱-电导检测法[13-14]、离子色谱质谱法[15-16]、液相色谱质谱法[17]和表面增强拉曼散射法[18],其中离子色谱电导检测法简便且适用范围广。京津冀区域的大气污染问题是近些年来备受关注的热点。本研究采集了京津冀及周边6个城市(北京、天津、保定、石家庄、济南和郑州)的春季PM2.5样品,用离子色谱电导检测法测定其中的高氯酸盐含量,分析了空间分布特征;计算儿童和成人的经口和经呼吸的高氯酸盐日均暴露剂量,对潜在的健康风险进行了初步评价,为北京及周围6个城市的细颗粒物来源解析和健康风险评价,以及甲状腺疾病高发病率的现状溯源,提供一定的科学依据。
京津冀及周边六城市环境空气PM2.5中高氯酸盐的分布特征及健康风险评价
Distribution characteristics and health risk assessment of perchlorate in PM2.5 in ambient air from six cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding regions
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摘要: 采集京津冀及周边6个城市春季的环境空气PM2.5样品,用离子色谱法测定其中的高氯酸盐,分析浓度水平和空间分布特征,并与PM2.5浓度和现有研究成果进行对比,初步分析了高氯酸盐经呼吸暴露对六类人群的潜在健康风险。结果表明,高氯酸盐的城市间浓度范围为1.72—94.5 ng·m−3,7日浓度均值范围为20.4—52.1 ng·m−3,其中保定和北京的7日浓度均值偏高,均值分别为52.1 ng·m−3和37.4 ng·m−3,天津和石家庄次之,均值分别为26.5 ng·m−3和27.9 ng·m−3,郑州和济南相对较低,均值分别为20.4 ng·m−3和23.7 ng·m−3。环境空气中的高氯酸盐在不同人群中的日均暴露剂量的差异与浓度的差异一致,且儿童的暴露剂量高于成人,虽然经计算呼吸暴露所贡献的健康风险较小,但鉴于处于发育期的儿童暴露剂量较高,亟需关注各类环境介质中的高氯酸盐含量,综合分析暴露剂量和健康风险,适时采取管控和治理措施。Abstract: Air PM2.5 samples from Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and six surrounding cities were collected in spring. Perchlorate were analyzed by ion chromatography. The concentrations and distribution characteristics of perchlorate with PM2.5 and previous data were compared. The results indicated that the concentration of perchlorate varied from city to city, the average daily concentration range was 1.72—94.5 ng·m−3, and the average 7-day concentration range was 20.4—52.1 ng·m−3. The average 7-day concentration in Baoding and Beijing was higher, the mean values were 52.1 ng·m−3 and 37.4 ng·m−3 respectively. The average 7-day concentrations in Tianjin and Shijiazhuang were the next highest, with the mean values of 26.5 ng·m−3 and 27.9 ng·m−3, respectively. The average 7-day concentration in Zhengzhou and Jinan was relatively low, the mean values were 20.4 ng·m−3 and 23.7 ng·m−3, respectively. Comparing the daily breathing exposure dose of perchlorate in the six city, the difference of daily exposure dose was consistent with the difference of concentration. At the same time, infants, the exposure dose of children was higher than that of adults. The health risks contributed by the calculated respiratory exposure were relatively small, but children in the developmental stage were exposed to higher doses. So it is urgent to pay attention to the perchlorate content in various environmental media, make comprehensive analysis on exposure dose and health risks, and take control and treatment measures.
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表 1 不同人群暴露参数取值
Table 1. Exposure parameters for different populations
参数
Parameters儿童
Children成人男性
Adult male成人女性
Adult femaleInh R/(m3·d−1) 10.8 17.7 14.5 ED/a 6 24 24 BW/kg 32.2 66.1 57.8 EF/(d·a−1) 365 365 365 表 2 6城市3类人群的高氯酸盐日均呼吸暴露量(×10-2,µg·kg-1·d-1)
Table 2. Average daily intake of perchlorate via inhalation for three different populations in six cities(×10-2,µg·kg-1·d-1)
北京
Beijing天津
Tianjin郑州
Zhengzhou济南
Jinan保定
Baoding石家庄
Shijiazhuang儿童
Children1.25 0.89 0.69 0.80 1.75 0.94 成人男性
Adult male1.00 0.71 0.55 0.64 1.40 0.75 成人女性
Adult female0.94 0.66 0.52 0.60 1.31 0.70 -
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