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四环素类抗生素(TCs)是目前使用最广泛、用量最大的抗生素种类之一,包括四环素(TC)、金霉素(CTC)、土霉素(OTC)等,这些抗生素除广泛用于医疗外,还作为兽药和促生长剂用于畜禽和水产养殖业[1]。但随着抗生素的大量使用,造成环境中抗生素的大量残留,并对生态环境和人群健康造成严重的威胁。因此,抗生素污染已成为目前亟待解决的重要环境问题之一。
活化过硫酸盐(PS)氧化法是近年来迅速发展起来的一类新型高级氧化技术,它是借助外加能量或催化剂的方式使过一硫酸盐(PMS)和过二硫酸盐(PDS)的过硫酸根中的双氧键O—O发生断裂,生成具有一对孤对电子的硫酸根自由基(
${\rm{SO}}_4^{-}\cdot $ )[2]。该自由基相比于PS本身具有更高的氧化还原电位(E0=2.5 —3.1 V)以及良好的反应活性,实现了对有机污染物的完全氧化降解[3]。PMS和PDS在活化机制上有所区别,其差异主要是由于分子结构中的过氧键对称性,PDS中过氧键在电荷分布上是对称的,而PMS过氧键两侧的电荷分布是不对称的,更容易受到各种亲核试剂的亲核攻击。PMS和PDS之间的结构差异会导致特定激活过程的差异。由于不对称分子结构,PMS被过渡金属更有效地活化以生成${\rm{SO}}_4^{-}\cdot $ 。通过介导的电子转移机理,PMS在含碳材料和贵金属催化剂氧化有机物方面也比PDS更有效。相比之下,因为较低的键解离能,PDS比PMS能更有效地被能量因子激活。此外,由于过氧化物连接基的两个侧面上都存在两个SO3部分而导致的空间位阻也使得PDS与PMS相比,对所选有机物的反应性降低[3]。活化PS氧化法凭借其氧化性强、反应速率快及对水质适用范围广等特点,备受国内外研究学者的青睐。近几年来国内外应用活化PS氧化处理各类抗生素废水的研究主要集中在活化材料的制备、活化PS产生自由基的机制、抗生素废水的处理效率及影响因素等方面[4-7]。国内外多位学者对活化过硫酸盐高级氧化技术在水处理中的研究进行了综述,但目前未见过硫酸盐活化技术应用于抗生素降解方面研究现状的总结。本文系统地梳理了近几年以来国内外利用各种常规及新型方法活化PS氧化降解TCs的理论及应用研究成果,以期为活化PS高级氧化技术在抗生素废水处理中的进一步应用提供理论指导。
过硫酸盐活化技术在四环素类抗生素降解中的应用进展
Application progress of persulfate activation technology in degradation of tetracycline antibiotics
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摘要: 四环素类抗生素(TCs)的广泛应用导致其在水体及土壤环境中大量残留,严重破坏水体生态平衡,危害人体健康。近年来,基于硫酸根自由基的活化过硫酸盐高级氧化技术具有效率高、速度快、反应彻底且作用条件温和等优点,已被广泛应用于处理废水中各类有机污染物的研究。本文综述了近几年来国内外利用紫外光、热、超声波、电活化、过渡金属、炭材料、负载金属催化剂活化以及联合活化技术在过一硫酸盐和过二硫酸盐氧化降解TCs中的研究与应用现状,并围绕催化剂的制备及特点、活化过硫酸盐的内在机制、自由基及非自由基产生途径、TCs的降解效果及降解途径等方面展开阐述。最后指出了该技术目前面临的问题及未来的发展方向,以期为过硫酸盐活化技术在抗生素废水处理中的进一步推广和应用提供参考。Abstract: The extensive application of tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) leads to a large number of residues in water and soil environment, which seriously damages the ecological balance of water and harms human health. In recent years, activated persulfate advanced oxidation technology based on sulfate radicals has been widely used to treat various organic pollutants in wastewater due to its advantages of high efficiency, fast speed, thorough reaction and mild action conditions. In this paper, the research and application of ultraviolet, heat, ultrasound, electric activation, transition metal, carbon materials, supported metal catalyst activation and combined activation technologies in the oxidative degradation of TCs by peroxymonosulfate and peroxydisulfate were reviewed, and around the preparations and characteristics of catalyst, the intrinsic mechanism of activation persulfate, the generation pathways of free radical and non-free radical, the degradation effect and pathways of the TCs etc. In the end, the current problems and future development direction of this technology were pointed out, to provide a reference from further popularization and application of persulfate activation technology in antibiotic wastewater treatment.
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Key words:
- tetracycline antibiotics /
- activated persulfate /
- oxidative degradation /
- catalyst /
- radical
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