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持久性有机污染物(POPs)是指难以在环境中降解,易通过食物链富集,能经大气的远距离传输从而影响到区域乃至全球环境的半挥发、高毒性污染物[1-2]。与其他环境介质中的污染物相比,大气POPs具有存续时间长、分布面积广、治理难度大的特点。不同的大气POPs在不同浓度水平下的污染性具有较大差异,且污染物会通过大气的水平运动和不同程度的扰动等传输方式在全球环境中迁移、转化,从而造成世界性的大气污染问题。与此同时,长时间暴露于大气污染物中可能会对各类生物体产生慢性毒性影响,造成不可逆的健康问题。因此,监测及评估大气POPs浓度水平对于研究污染物的分布、转化以及污染防治具有极为重要的意义。
目前大气POPs的监测技术主要包括主动大气采样(active air sampling,AAS)和被动大气采样(passive air sampling,PAS)两种技术方法。主动采样是指利用吸附材料对颗粒相及气相中的污染物进行采样,并对其总量进行计量的一种方法,采样材料通常为聚氨酯泡沫(PUF)、半透膜(SPM)、玻璃纤维滤膜(GFF)和石英纤维滤膜(QFF)等[3]。主动采样技术的优点是能够在短时间内采集数百立方米的大气样品,并获得准确的采样体积,从而实现对短时间内污染物浓度变化的监测[2]。然而该技术也存在缺点,比如污染物穿过吸附材料未被吸附、挥发性污染物从滤膜收集的颗粒物上挥发,采样装置成本较高,依赖于电力的支持与人员的长期监护等等,因此主动采样难以应用于对大气有机污染物的大范围多点采样工作。
相对于主动采样而言,被动采样技术是一种以污染物在不同环境介质之间的逸度差为动力,利用分子扩散或渗透原理对污染物进行吸附的平衡采样技术[4]。从目前主流的采样器类型来看,被动采样器具有成本较低、结构简单、操作方便、无需电力支持与人员长期监护等优点,从而能实现对大范围内多点位的大气污染物的同步监测,在一定程度上弥补大气主动采样技术的不足[5]。但是,被动采样技术也存在一定的缺点,例如:无法测定采样空气的体积、采样周期较长等等。通常来说,被动采样技术因其廉价、高效的特性而在多种研究场合被广泛使用。
本文将对大气被动采样原理及几种常见的大气被动采样装置的结构组成、采样原理、特点及应用状况进行介绍。本文提及的几种被动采样器具有不同的优缺点及适用情况,能够依据环境中不同的采样污染情况、污染物类型选择合适的采样器从而实现对污染物的有效监测采样,可为后续大气持久性有机污染物样品的采样方法研究提供参考。
大气持久性有机污染物被动采样技术研究进展
Research progress on the passive sampling techniques ofpersistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere
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摘要: 持久性有机污染物(POPs)通常种类繁多,结构复杂,以痕量或超痕量的方式存在于环境介质与生物体中,具有较高的生物毒性和环境危害性。近年来,被动采样技术在环境监测领域及POPs污染水平评价方面应用广泛,发展迅速,根据不同的吸附材料可将被动采样器划分不同的装置类型。本文综述了大气持久性有机污染物被动采样技术(passive atmospheric sampling, PAS)的基本原理,总结了半透膜被动采样器(SPMD-PAS)、聚氨酯泡沫塑料被动采样器(PUF-PAS)、聚合物涂层玻璃被动采样器(POG-PAS)、高分子树脂聚合物被动采样器(XAD-PAS)这几种常见的大气被动采样器的组成结构、采样原理、特点及应用情况,分析了大气被动采样技术研究领域的动态,提出了被动采样技术目前亟需要关注的问题和存在的主要困难,并展望了该领域的研究前景。Abstract: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have a great variety with complex structures. Usually, in the environment medium and organism, POPs are present at trace or ultra-trace concentrations, which poses the high biological toxicity and environmental harmfulness. In recent years, passive sampling technology has been widely used and developed rapidly in the field of environmental monitoring and POPs pollution level assessment. The different types of passive samplers can be divided by various adsorption materials. This paper gives an overview of the basic principle of passive sampling techniques (PAS) for POPs in the atmosphere, and summarizes the structure, sampling principle, characteristics and application of several passive samplers, including semi-permeable membrane device passive sampler (SPMD-PAS), polyurethane foam passive sampler (PUF-PAS), polymer-coated glass passive sampler (POG-PAS) and resin-based passive sampler (XAD-PAS). The development research of PAS is analyzed, and the problems and difficulties of passive sampling technology is also pointed out. Finally, this study prospected the research direction and prospect in this field.
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