天然有机质的性质分析及其与土壤矿物和外源污染物相互作用研究进展
Research progress on analysis of the properties of natural organic matter and its interaction with soil minerals and exogenous pollutants
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摘要: 天然有机质(natural organic matter, NOM)在土壤环境中扮演着重要的角色,其对土壤水分的保持、植物的生长,污染物的迁移转化、土壤矿物颗粒的团聚和碳循环均有着重要影响。因此,明确NOM的环境行为以及它们与污染物的相互作用有着重要的生态环境意义。本文综述了各种不同性质NOM的提取及纯化方法,并分析了它们的优缺点;介绍了NOM常用的光谱学表征技术;并通过综述NOM与土壤矿物间的相互作用,描述了NOM的环境行为;论述了NOM与外源重金属和有机污染物之间的相互作用方式、机制以及影响因素,并描述了NOM和污染物在土壤环境中的迁移转化和它们潜在的环境风险。基于对NOM性质、环境行为等的全方位深度解剖,可更加深入认识NOM在土壤环境中的重要作用,为将来的土壤污染修复、肥力保持、碳循环等的研究提供理论基础。Abstract: Natural organic matter (NOM) plays an important role in the soil environment. It has an important impact on the soil moisture retention, plant growth, migration of pollutants, agglomeration of soil mineral particles and carbon cycle. Therefore, there is an urgent need to clarify the environmental behavior of NOM and its interaction with pollutants. Firstly, this review summarized the extraction and purification methods of NOM with different properties, and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Secondly, it introduced the commonly used spectroscopic characterization techniques of NOM, and described the environmental behavior of NOM. Moreover, the interaction mode, mechanism and influencing factors between NOM and exogenous heavy metal and organic pollutants were introduced in detail, as well as the migration of NOM and pollutants in soil environment and their potential environmental risks. The purpose of this review is to provide a systematic understanding of NOM. On this basis, it is hoped that this review can provide comprehensive information about the nature of NOM itself, its environmental behavior, and its interactions with pollutants. Based on the comprehensive and in-depth anatomy of the natural and environmental behavior of NOM, we can have a deeper understanding of the important role of NOM in the soil environment. Subsequently, this review may provide a theoretical basis for future research on soil pollution remediation, fertility maintenance, and carbon cycling.
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图 1 (a)土壤中DOM浓度与菲的吸附分配系数关系 [79],(b)不同土壤中DOM浓度与“莠去津”的吸附分配系数关系[80]
Figure 1. (a) The relationship between DOM concentration in soil and phenanthrene adsorption distribution coefficient [79], (b) The relationship between DOM concentration in different soils and atrazine adsorption distribution coefficient[80]
表 1 不同提取方法和提取剂的作用机制与适用范围概述
Table 1. Overview of the mechanism and scope of application of different extraction methods and extractants
提取方法
Extraction method常用提取剂
Common extractants作用机制与适用范围
Mechanism and scope of application参考文献
References水提法 H2O 适用于DOM的提取,提取的DOM含量低、组分简单、疏水性小、芳香性高。 [12] 盐提法 K2SO4、KCl、CaCl2 通过添加外源离子增强土壤中DOM与溶液中电解质的配体交换作用,减少DOM与土壤矿物吸附作用力而使DOM解离出来。KCl可提取微生物源 DOM;CaCl2难以浸提出高缩合的DOM组分;K2SO4提取的DOM含量更高、组分更复杂、疏水性更大、芳香性更低。其中K+可以促使溶液中的无机胶体絮凝。 [12-13] 酸提法 HCl、HF FA溶于酸碱,HCl可用于提取FA,HF可与硅杂质反应,主要用于降低粗产物中的灰分。 [14-18] 碱提法 NaOH、KOH Na+可以取代吸附于NOM上的金属阳离子,高pH环境还可以改变NOM的溶解状态。HA溶碱不溶酸,NaOH可用于提取HA。 络合剂提取法 Na4P2O7、EDTA 利用Na4P2O7和EDTA等破坏土壤中金属-有机质络合物,用于提取与金属络合的DOM、HM。 [19-20] 有机提取法 CH3COCH、二甲亚砜
(DMSO)、Sulpholane等使用有机提取剂(乙醚、丙酮、甲醇等)在索氏提取器中进行提取,依次去除非腐殖物质,二甲亚砜(DMSO)可用于破坏HM与土壤组分间的氢键。 [21-22] -
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