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城市森林生态系统是受人为活动影响较多的森林生态系统,快速的工业化和城市化缩小了城市森林的生存环境[1]。但城市森林是城市生态系统中最重要的组成部分,具有重要的生态服务功能[1-2],例如缓解雨水径流[3]、减小噪音[4]、降低热岛效应[1]和增强城市审美价值[5],另外城市森林可以通过吸附痕量金属缓解局部污染[6]。这些痕量金属污染物中,汞作为一种全球性的污染物,可以通过水生和陆生食物链富集,从而对人体健康造成威胁[7]。汞在大气中有3种不同的形态:气态单质汞(Hg0)、活性气态汞(Hg(II))和颗粒态汞(Hg(p))。其中气态单质汞占总汞的95%,能够进行全球性传输,可以通过大气从城市和工业地区传输并沉降到偏远地区[8-9],因此大气汞的沉降是全球性的环境问题。当地的燃煤、燃烧化石燃料和使用农药都会加剧城市汞污染[10-12]。大气汞沉降到森林生态系统中包括干沉降和湿沉降两种途径[13-14],其中干沉降是大气汞沉降到森林中的主要途径,占总沉降的70%—85%[15]。有研究表明75%左右的干沉降是通过凋落物汞的方式沉降到森林生态系统中[16],因此凋落物是进入森林生态系统土壤的最大汞通量[17]。现有大量研究表明树叶组织中几乎所有的汞来自于大气,并且主要通过气孔吸收大气气态单质汞[18-20],叶片汞浓度和大气汞浓度之间的正相关关系[19,21-22]使叶片凋落物中汞浓度的空间分布一定程度上代表大气汞浓度的空间分布[23]。因此,有必要研究叶片凋落物在大气汞循环中的作用。我国已有一些学者在西南地区的亚热带森林调查过森林汞浓度和汞通量[24-25],但大部分研究主要集中在自然森林生态系统中。目前,我国对城市森林的研究处于起步阶段,对城市森林生态系统中汞浓度和汞通量的研究数据还十分欠缺。
近几十年北京经济持续增长且城市急速扩张,为了调查城市森林凋落物汞分布规律,本研究选取北京城市森林,(1)比较不同树种叶片凋落物中汞浓度;(2)对比北京市公园、街道和居民点的3种不同土地利用区同一种树种叶凋落物汞浓度,对比北京市区和郊区叶凋落物汞浓度差异;(3)量化北京市不同区叶凋落物汞沉降通量,为进一步理解和评估城市森林生态系统对全球汞生物地球化学循环中的作用提供基础支撑。
北京城市森林生态系统凋落物汞分布特征及沉降通量
Mercury distribution characteristics and deposition flux of leaf litter in Beijing urban forest ecosystem
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摘要: 大气汞沉降是全球性的环境问题,因其可从城市和工业地区进行远距离传输沉降到偏远地区,并通过食物链富集危害到人类和野生动植物的健康。为了揭示城市森林生态系统中凋落物汞分布特征及沉降通量,本研究选取北京市西北至东南对角线上的公园、街道和居民区3种土地利用类型,收集了29个采样点主要绿化树种的凋落物。结果表明,北京市平均叶凋落物汞浓度为(35.98±14.90)ng·g−1;在8个主要绿化树种中,白蜡凋落物汞浓度最高(50.14±31.10)ng·g−1,油松凋落物汞浓度最低(12.58±8.69 )ng·g−1,大部分树种之间存在显著性差异;同一树种在不同土地利用类型中没有显著性差异,但所有树种的平均叶凋落物汞浓度呈现从市中心到郊区下降趋势,说明北京城市森林生态系统中的汞分布受到人为活动影响明显。北京市区森林凋落物汞沉降通量范围是(196.29—438.08)mg·(ha·a)−1,北京郊区森林凋落物汞沉降通量范围是(105.98—153.52)mg·(ha·a)−1,这些结果为进一步深入评估城市森林生态系统在大气汞循环中的作用提供了基础支撑。Abstract: The deposition of atmospheric mercury(Hg) is a global problem, because it can be transported from cities and industrial areas to remote areas through long-distance transportation and endanger the health of humans, wild animals and plants through food chain enrichment. In order to reveal the mercury distribution characteristics and deposition flux of leaf litter in the urban forest ecosystem, this study collected leaf litter samples from 29 sites in parks, streets, and residential areas on the diagonal from northwest to southeast of Beijing. The results showed that the average mercury concentration of leaf litter in Beijing was (35.98±14.90) ng·g−1. Among the eight main greening tree species, the highest mercury concentration of leaf litter was (50.14±31.10) ng·g−1 from the Fraxinus excelsior , and the mercury concentration of leaf litter in the Pinus tabuliformis Carr. was the lowest ((12.58±8.69) ng·g−1). There are significant differences among most tree species and no significant difference was found in the same tree species from different land use. The average mercury concentration in leaf litter showed a downward trend from the city center to the suburbs, indicating that the mercury distribution in Beijing's urban forest ecosystem is significantly affected by human activities. The leaf litter mercury deposition flux in Beijing urban forests are (196.29—438.08) mg·(ha·a)−1, and (105.98—153.52) mg·(ha·a)−1 for Beijing suburban forests . These results will benefit to the further evaluation of the role of urban forest ecosystems in the atmospheric mercury cycle.
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Key words:
- city /
- forest /
- mercury concentration /
- mercury flux /
- Beijing
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