-
随着生活水平的提高,居民对于生活质量提出了越来越高的要求。环境质量作为生活质量的重要部分受到了广泛关注。近年来臭气问题在环境问题中显得尤为突出,污水处理厂[1-2]、畜禽养殖场[3-5]、垃圾填埋场[6-7]及石化厂[8]等均会产生并排放大量臭气,不仅使得居民的感官产生不适、影响日常生活[9],甚至会影响到人体的健康[10-12],长期处于恶臭环境中可能会引起血液疾病或癌症等[13]。
基于恶臭对环境及人类的负面影响,我国制定了《恶臭污染物排放标准》(GB14554—1993)[14]用于限制恶臭气体的排放,该标准对8种恶臭气体的排放浓度进行了规定,并使用臭气浓度这一指标用于限制复合恶臭物质的气味浓度[14]。尽管我国已规定了恶臭气体排放限值,但企业或恶臭排放源管理者尚缺乏对恶臭排放进行严格的管控,恶臭问题仍较为严峻[15],这很大程度上是由于恶臭排放的有效数据难以及时准确地进行获取。由于臭气的成分多样[16-17],依靠对臭气成分浓度的测定来控制臭气的排放存在成本高昂、效率低下的问题。因此,建立基于嗅觉感知强度的臭气浓度指标具有现实意义。臭气浓度利用人的嗅觉评价综合气味能直观地反映恶臭对于人嗅觉感官的影响,已成为各国监督气体排放的指标,我国也制定了测定臭气浓度的标准方法(三点比较式臭袋法)[18]。
采用切实高效的臭气浓度测定方法,获得即时准确的臭气浓度数据,能为管理者的决策及环境执法提供可靠的依据,亦可以作为选择适宜的臭气处理方法的参考,以降低处理成本。本文主要针对国内外现有的臭气浓度嗅觉评价方法,比较各嗅觉评价方法的异同点,通过各评价方法的实际应用场景,讨论各嗅觉评价方法的优势与不足之处,为获得切实可行且高效的臭气浓度测定方法提供依据。表1为3种嗅辨方法的对比。
基于嗅觉的臭气浓度测定方法综述
A Review on olfactory methods for odor concentration determination
-
摘要: 畜禽养殖、垃圾填埋、化工、市政等活动产生的大量臭气,不仅会影响居民的日常生活,甚至可能会影响人体的健康。世界上很多国家制定了臭气的排放标准,将臭气浓度作为评价臭气的重要指标,并制定了臭气浓度测定的标准化方法,但现行的方法存在耗时长、测定结果不准确等问题,使得臭气排放难以获得有效监管。本文介绍了基于嗅觉的臭气浓度测定方法,分析了各方法的适用范围及优劣势,指出了测定方法中存在的问题并提出可能的解决途径,为进一步完善测定方法提供了参考。Abstract: A large amount of odor produced by livestock, landfill, chemical industry and other industrial activities will not only affect the daily life of local residents, but may also potentially affect human health. Many countries have formulated various standards for odor emission, taking the odor concentration as an important index to evaluate the odor. Meanwhile, standardized methods have also been formulated for the determination of odor concentration. However, current methods typically have issues such as time-consuming and inaccurate measurement results, causing difficulty for obtaining effective monitoring, management and control of odor emission by the authorities. This review study firstly introduced the olfactory determination methods of odor concentration, the application ranges of these methods were discussed. Afterwards, the advantages and disadvantages of each method were analyzed, and the problems existing in the determination methods were discussed, while possible solutions for improvement were proposed. Overall, this study was to provide a reference for the further improvement of the determination for odor concentration.
-
Key words:
- odor concentration /
- olfactometer /
- field olfactometry
-
表 1 三种嗅辨方法的对比
Table 1. Comparison of three olfactory discrimination methods
嗅辨
方法
Olfactometry适用
国家
Applicable
country标准文件
Standard采样和运输
Sampling and
transportation嗅辨室
Odor room嗅辨仪器
Olfactometer嗅辨员
Panel优劣势
Advantages and disadvantages动态嗅觉法 美国、
英国、
欧盟、
德国、
加拿大ASTM E690-04、
EN 13725-2003、VDI 3880通过采样袋(FEP\PVF\PET)采样;采样到测定不超过6—30 h;温度保持在25 ℃;避免阳光直射 保持良好的通风;CO2体积分数小于0.15 %;避免阳光直射;无影响测定的噪声和光 动态嗅
辨仪如:Odournet TO8、AC’SCENT
嗅觉仪合格的嗅辨员需满足以下两点:1)从各个阈值(十个参考气体的阈值)估计值的对数(lg10)计算出的标准偏差的对数,应小于2.3
2)单个阈值估算值的几何平均值,以参考气体的质量浓度单位表示,必须落在该参考材料可接受参考值的0.5—2倍之间优势:
快速稀释样品;
自动记录并处理
数据
劣势:
运输耗时久,样品发生泄漏或成分变化;
采样时间长,最终数据结果为采样时间段内均值静态嗅觉法 中国、
日本GB14675-93、
恶臭防止法通过采样袋/瓶采样;采样到测定不超过24 h;温度接近常温;避免阳光直射 远离散发恶臭的场所;室内能通风换气;温度保持在17—25 ℃;可容纳6—7名嗅辨员同时工作;单独开设配
气室注射器、聚酯无臭袋、无臭空气净化装置 年龄18—45岁,不吸烟、嗅觉器官无疾病,男女均可;
能正确嗅辨出五种标准臭液的测试者可作为合格的嗅辨员;
测试合格后可连续三年承担嗅辨员工作优势:
所需设备及技术简单,适用范围广
劣势:
嗅辨数据量大,处理数据慢;
采样时间长,最终数据结果为采样时间段内均值;
运输耗时久,样品发生泄漏或成分变化;现场嗅辨法 美国、
英国、
欧盟、
德国、
加拿大直接采样后测定 1)使用现场嗅辨仪直接在现场嗅辨,无嗅辨室
2)使用拖车建立移动实验室,满足动态嗅觉法的要求现场嗅
辨仪如:Nasal Ranger、Scentroid SM100一般满足动态嗅觉法的规定即可 优势:
采样时间短;
测定结果为即时的臭气浓度;
劣势:
现场嗅辨仪稀释倍数不够精确;
实地环境易对嗅辨员感官产生影响 -
[1] LIU Z Y. Urban sewage treatment odor gas release characteristics and regional differences [J]. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 2021, 21: 101190. [2] 王鑫, 池皓, 张鑫倩, 等. 炼化企业污水处理厂恶臭治理设施排放特征及污染控制策略 [J]. 环境工程学报, 2021, 15(7): 2333-2343. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.202102027 WANG X, CHI H, ZHANG X Q, et al. Emission characteristics and control strategy of odor treatment processes in refinery wastewater treatment plants [J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2021, 15(7): 2333-2343(in Chinese). doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.202102027
[3] KECK M, MAGER K, WEBER K, et al. Odour impact from farms with animal husbandry and biogas facilities [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 645: 1432-1443. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.182 [4] ZILIO M, ORZI V, CHIODINI M, et al. Evaluation of ammonia and odour emissions from animal slurry and digestate storage in the Po Valley (Italy) [J]. Waste Management, 2020, 103: 296-304. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.12.038 [5] 李永双, 孙波, 陈菊红, 等. 纳米膜覆盖对畜禽粪便好氧堆肥进程及恶臭气体排放的影响 [J]. 环境科学, 2021, 42(11): 5554-5562. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202103109 LI Y S, SUN B, CHEN J H, et al. Effects of nano-membrane on aerobic composting process and odor emission of livestock manure [J]. Environmental Science, 2021, 42(11): 5554-5562(in Chinese). doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202103109
[6] CAPELLI L, SIRONI S, del ROSSO R, et al. A comparative and critical evaluation of odour assessment methods on a landfill site [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(30): 7050-7058. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.06.009 [7] 周巧丽, 宋玉梅, 周漪波, 等. 广州市某生活垃圾填埋场空气及地下水污染状况分析 [J]. 环境化学, 2019, 38(4): 760-769. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2018061302 ZHOU Q L, SONG Y M, ZHOU Y B, et al. Analysis of air and groundwater pollution in a municipal solid waste landfill site in Guangzhou [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2019, 38(4): 760-769(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2018061302
[8] JIA H H, GAO S, DUAN Y S, et al. Investigation of health risk assessment and odor pollution of volatile organic compounds from industrial activities in the Yangtze River Delta region, China [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2021, 208: 111474. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111474 [9] 陈凌霄, 修光利, 黄银芝. 聚氨酯和聚碳酸酯制造过程的恶臭排放特征和指纹谱 [J]. 环境工程学报, 2021, 15(2): 755-764. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.202005008 CHEN L X, XIU G L, HUANG Y Z. Characteristics and fingerprint spectra of odor pollutants emitted from typical production process of polyurethane and polycarbonate [J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2021, 15(2): 755-764(in Chinese). doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.202005008
[10] BRANCHER M, GRIFFITHS K D, FRANCO D, et al. A review of odour impact criteria in selected countries around the world [J]. Chemosphere, 2017, 168: 1531-1570. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.160 [11] SUCKER K, BOTH R, WINNEKE G. Review of adverse health effects of odours in field studies [J]. Water Science and Technology, 2009, 59(7): 1281-1289. doi: 10.2166/wst.2009.113 [12] WU C D, LIU J M, LIU S H, et al. Assessment of the health risks and odor concentration of volatile compounds from a municipal solid waste landfill in China [J]. Chemosphere, 2018, 202: 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.068 [13] LIU Y J, LIU Y T, LI H, et al. Health risk impacts analysis of fugitive aromatic compounds emissions from the working face of a municipal solid waste landfill in China [J]. Environment International, 2016, 97: 15-27. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.010 [14] 国家环境保护局, 国家技术监督局. 恶臭污染物排放标准: GB14554—1993[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 1994. State Bureau of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision of the People's Republic of China. Emission STANDARDs for odor pollutants: GB14554—1993[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 1994(in Chinese).
[15] 章轲. 恶臭居环保举报榜首, 治理市场混乱、技术低效是主要症结 [N]. 第一财经, 2020-11-11. ZHANG K. Odor ranks first in environmental protection reports, the main crux of the problem is the management of market chaos and technical inefficiency[N]. YICAI, 2020-11-11.
[16] WANG Y C, HAN M F, JIA T P, et al. Emissions, measurement, and control of odor in livestock farms: A review [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 776: 145735. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145735 [17] MELSE R W, HOL J M G. Biofiltration of exhaust air from animal houses: Evaluation of removal efficiencies and practical experiences with biobeds at three field sites [J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2017, 159: 59-69. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2017.04.007 [18] 国家技术监督局. 空气质量 恶臭的测定 三点比较式臭袋法: GB/T14675—1993[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 1993. State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision of the People's Republic of China. Air quality-Determination of odor-Triangle odor bag method: GB/T14675—1993[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 1993(in Chinese).
[19] EN 13725∶2003, Air quality—Determination of odour concentration by dynamic olfactometry[S]. [20] ASTM E679‐04 , Standard Practice for Determination of Odor and Taste Thresholds By a Forced‐Choice Ascending Concentration Series Method of Limits[S]. [21] VDI 3881/Part 2, Olfactometry—odour threshold determination—sampling[S]. [22] HANSEN M, JONASSEN K E N, FEILBERG A. Evaluation of abatement technologies for pig houses by dynamic olfactometry and on-site mass spectrometry [J]. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2014, 40: 253-258. [23] CAPELLI L, SIRONI S, DEL ROSSO R, et al. Olfactory and toxic impact of industrial odour emissions [J]. Water Science and Technology, 2012, 66(7): 1399-1406. doi: 10.2166/wst.2012.352 [24] CAPELLI L, SIRONI S, del ROSSO R, et al. Olfactometric approach for the evaluation of citizens' exposure to industrial emissions in the city of Terni, Italy [J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2011, 409(3): 595-603. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.10.054 [25] ROMAIN A C, NICOLAS J, COBUT P, et al. Continuous odour measurement from fattening pig units [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2013, 77: 935-942. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.030 [26] NEWBY B D, MCGINLEY M A. Ambient odour testing of concentrated animal feeding operations using field and laboratory olfactometers [J]. Water Science and Technology, 2004, 50(4): 109-114. doi: 10.2166/wst.2004.0235 [27] BLAZY V, de GUARDIA A, BENOIST J C, et al. Correlation of chemical composition and odor concentration for emissions from pig slaughterhouse sludge composting and storage [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015, 276: 398-409. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.04.031 [28] FRIEDRICH M, KOSMIDER J. Precision of odour abatement efficiency determination in changing conditions [J]. Chemical Engineering Transactions , 2012, 30: 265-270. [29] GUTIÉRREZ M C, MARTÍN M A, PAGANS E, et al. Dynamic olfactometry and GC-TOFMS to monitor the efficiency of an industrial biofilter [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 512/513: 572-581. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.074 [30] PARKER D B, RHOADES M B, SCHUSTER G L, et al. Odor characterization at open-lot beef cattle feedyards using triangular forced-choice olfactometry [J]. Transactions of the ASAE, 2005, 48(4): 1527-1535. doi: 10.13031/2013.19184 [31] CAPELLI L, SIRONI S, del ROSSO R. Odor sampling: Techniques and strategies for the estimation of odor emission rates from different source types [J]. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2013, 13(1): 938-955. doi: 10.3390/s130100938 [32] JONASSEN K, PEDERSEN P, RIIS A, et al. Does the choice of olfactometric laboratory affect the efficiency of odour abatement technologies? [J]. Chemical Engineering Transactions , 2012, 30: 43-270. [33] 恶臭防治法[S]. Offensive Odor Control Law[S] (in Chinese).
[34] NAGATA Y, TAKEUCHI N. Measurement of odor threshold by triangle odor bag method [J]. Odor measurement review, 2003, 118: 118-127. [35] HANAJIMA D, KURODA K, MORISHITA K, et al. Key odor components responsible for the impact on olfactory sense during swine feces composting [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(7): 2306-2310. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.026 [36] LU W J, DUAN Z H, LI D, et al. Characterization of odor emission on the working face of landfill and establishing of odorous compounds index [J]. Waste Management, 2015, 42: 74-81. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.04.030 [37] 肖洋, 王新娟, 韩伟. 工业城市有机化工异味应急监测快速溯源 [J]. 中国环境监测, 2015, 31(2): 126-129. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6002.2015.02.025 XIAO Y, WANG X J, HAN W. Study of rapid tracing of organic chemical odor emergency monitoring for industrial city [J]. Environmental Monitoring in China, 2015, 31(2): 126-129(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6002.2015.02.025
[38] CUI Y Y, ZHAI X M, WANG B C, et al. Characteristics and control measures of odor emissions from crematoriums in Beijing, China [J]. SN Applied Sciences, 2021, 3(8): 1-9. [39] 张旭东. 恶臭动态稀释法在三点比较式臭袋法中的应用探讨 [J]. 环境与可持续发展, 2016, 41(4): 80-82. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-288X.2016.04.024 ZHANG X D. Discussion on the application of odor dynamic dilution method in the three point comparison method [J]. Environment and Sustainable Development, 2016, 41(4): 80-82(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-288X.2016.04.024
[40] 安慧, 赵东风, 张庆冬, 等. 恶臭嗅觉测定研究性实验教学设计 [J]. 实验室研究与探索, 2019, 38(7): 196-199. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7167.2019.07.047 AN H, ZHAO D F, ZHANG Q D, et al. Experimental teaching design for odor olfactory detection [J]. Research and Exploration in Laboratory, 2019, 38(7): 196-199(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7167.2019.07.047
[41] 戎梅. 浅谈三点比较式臭袋法在恶臭监测中的应用// 国家环境保护恶臭污染控制重点实验室. 恶臭污染防治研究进展——第四届全国恶臭污染测试与控制技术研讨会论文集[C]; 2012: 3. Rong M. Discussion on the application of triangle odor bag method in malodor monitoring//National Key Laboratory of Odor Pollution Control for Environmental Protection. Progress in Research on Odor Pollution Prevention-Proceedings of the Fourth National Symposium on Odor Pollution Testing and Control Technology[C]; 2012: 3(in Chinese).
[42] HANSEN M J, JONASSEN K E N, LØKKE M M, et al. Multivariate prediction of odor from pig production based on in situ measurement of odorants [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2016, 135: 50-58. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.03.060 [43] 王媛媛, 王琪, 李贝, 等. 恶臭国标测定方法和便携式恶臭测定仪测定结果的比对分析 [J]. 环境监控与预警, 2017, 9(5): 20-23. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2017.05.006 WANG Y Y, WANG Q, LI B, et al. Comparative analysis of odor determination by national standard method and portable odor tester [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Forewarning, 2017, 9(5): 20-23(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6732.2017.05.006
[44] IDES Canada Inc. SM100 portable olfactometer[EB/OL]. [45] WIŚNIEWSKA M. Methods of assessing odour emissions from biogas plants processing municipal waste [J]. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 2020, 21(1): 140-147. doi: 10.12911/22998993/113039 [46] HAWKO C, VERRIELE M, HUCHER N, et al. A review of environmental odor quantification and qualification methods: The question of objectivity in sensory analysis [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 795: 148862. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148862 [47] BYLIŃSKI H, LEWKOWSKA P, GĘBICKI J, et al. Identification of aromatic compounds in odours mixture by gas chromatography and field olfactometry techniques [J]. Proceedings of the 12th Modern Analytical Chemistry, 2016: 108-112. [48] BARCZAK R, KULIG A. Odour monitoring of a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Poland by field olfactometry [J]. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2016, 54: 331-336. [49] DALTON P, CARAWAY E A, GIBB H, et al. A multi-year field olfactometry study near a concentrated animal feeding operation [J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2011, 61(12): 1398-1408. [50] BAKHTARI A, MEDINA S. Enhancing VDI3940 grid method via in-field olfactometry to obtain complete odour impact assessment [J]. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2016, 54: 283-288. [51] BADACH J, KOLASIŃSKA P, PACIOREK M, et al. A case study of odour nuisance evaluation in the context of integrated urban planning [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2018, 213: 417-424. [52] HOVE N C Y, DEMEYER P, van der HEYDEN C, et al. Improving the repeatability of dynamic olfactometry according to EN 13725: A case study for pig odour [J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2017, 161: 70-79. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2017.06.004 [53] KULIG A, SZYŁAK-SZYDŁOWSKI M. Assessment of the effects of wastewater treatment plant modernization by means of the field olfactometry method [J]. Water, 2019, 11(11): 2367. doi: 10.3390/w11112367 [54] MILLER R M, MCGINLEY M A. Evaluation of background odour in tedlar and nalophan sample bags [J]. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2008, 2008(4): 590-604. doi: 10.2175/193864708788808032 [55] PARKER D B, RHOADES M B, KOZIEL J, et al. Background odors in tedlar® bags used for CAFO odor sampling[C]//2003, Las Vegas, NV July 27-30, 2003. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2003. [56] LAOR Y, RAVID U, HANAN A, et al. Uncertainty of olfactometry measurements caused by sampling issues [J]. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2012, 2012(3): 1-12. doi: 10.2175/193864712811700444 [57] PAPURELLO D. Direct injection mass spectrometry technique for the odorant losses at ppb(v) level from nalophan™ sampling bags [J]. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 2019, 436: 137-146. doi: 10.1016/j.ijms.2018.12.008 [58] MCGARVEY L J, SHORTEN C V. The effects of adsorption on the reusability of tedlar® air sampling bags [J]. AIHAJ - American Industrial Hygiene Association, 2000, 61(3): 375-380. doi: 10.1080/15298660008984546 [59] VAN HARREVELD A. Update on the revised EN 13725: 2021 [J]. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2021, 85: 115. [60] TOLEDO M, GUILLOT J M, SILES J A, et al. Permeability and adsorption effects for volatile sulphur compounds in Nalophan sampling bags: Stability influenced by storage time [J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2019, 188: 217-228. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2019.10.023 [61] LI Q, FU X A, XU K Y, et al. A stability study of carbonyl compounds in Tedlar bags by a fabricated MEMS microreactor approach [J]. Microchemical Journal, 2021, 160: 105611. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105611 [62] HANSEN M J, ADAMSEN A P S, FEILBERG A, et al. Stability of odorants from pig production in sampling bags for olfactometry [J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2011, 40(4): 1096-1102. doi: 10.2134/jeq2010.0497 [63] MAN Z, DAI X R, RONG L, et al. Evaluation of storage bags for odour sampling from intensive pig production measured by proton-transfer-reaction mass-spectrometry [J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2020, 189: 48-59. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2019.11.007 [64] KASPER P L, OXBØL A, HANSEN M J, et al. Mechanisms of loss of agricultural odorous compounds in sample bags of nalophan, tedlar, and PTFE [J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2018, 47(2): 246-253. doi: 10.2134/jeq2017.07.0289 [65] KONG X K, WANG L P, XIN Y C, et al. Evaluation of pre-Flushing for the recovery of odorants from intensive pig production in sampling bags measured by PTR-MS[C]//2018 Detroit, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2018: 1. [66] MAURER D L, BRAGDON A M, SHORT B C, et al. Improving environmental odor measurements: Comparison of lab-based standard method and portable odor measurement technology [J]. Archives of Environmental Protection, 2018, 44(2): 100-107. [67] HANSEN M J, ADAMSEN A P S, FEILBERG A. Recovery of odorants from an olfactometer measured by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry [J]. Sensors , 2013, 13(6): 7860-7871. doi: 10.3390/s130607860 [68] NADDEO V, ZARRA T, OLIVA G, et al. Odour measurement in wastewater treatment plant by a new prototype of e. Nose: Correlation and comparison study with reference to both European and Japanese approaches [J]. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2016, 54: 85-90. [69] WALGRAEVE C, van HUFFEL K, BRUNEEL J, et al. Evaluation of the performance of field olfactometers by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry [J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2015, 137: 84-94. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2015.07.007 [70] HOVE N C Y, van LANGENHOVE H, van WEYENBERG S, et al. Comparative odour measurements according to EN 13725 using pig house odour and n-butanol reference gas [J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2016, 143: 119-127. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.01.002