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石河子市是位于新疆乌昌石区域中部的工业城市,近几年随着经济的快速发展,其大气污染较为严重,冬季以细颗粒物(PM2.5)为首要污染物的污染天时有发生[1-4]. 无机元素作为细颗粒物的主要成分之一,大部分具有容易富集和难以降解的特点,尤其是重金属元素在人体中的富集会危害人体器官健康,造成不可逆的功能性障碍[5-7]. 近年来北京市[8]、上海市[9]、沈阳市[10]、广州市[11]、成都市[12]、乌鲁木齐市[13]、珠三角区域[14]等对PM2.5中无机元素的研究主要针对重金属元素。王琼等[15]研究认为,北京冬季大气PM2.5中元素的致癌风险高于夏季,污染日大气PM2.5中元素的致癌风险高于清洁日,PM2.5中元素的健康风险具有较为明显的季节性变化特征,冬季有针对性地控制大气PM2.5污染,对人体健康意义深远. 任慧清等[16]通过研究石河子市冬季5种重金属元素(Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Fe),并选取重金属元素Zn进行大鼠肺部损伤实验发现,供暖季石河子市PM2.5浓度为(109.9±58.8) μg·m−3, PM2.5和Zn浓度的升高能够显著抑制超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,引起对大鼠肺部的损伤.李瑶等[17]通过对石河子市进行PM2.5高精度遥感反演发现,石河子市PM2.5的空间分布呈现北低南高,西低东高的特点. 丁俊男等[18]通过富集因子法研究河南省典型城市采暖季PM2.5中无机元素的来源,发现郑州市、洛阳市和平顶山市的Se、Cd、Br、Pb、Zn、Cu、Co、Sc、Cr、Ni、As、Mn、Ba等元素的富集因子大于10,主要来源于人为源,这13种元素质量浓度在22种元素中占比为18.9%—26.3%,主要来源于燃煤、机动车、扬尘和建筑尘等,Ni、Co、Sr、Ba 还有来自其他排放源的贡献. 张晶晶等[19]通过研究昌吉市采暖季PM2.5的污染特征发现,采暖季PM2.5的浓度高于非采暖季5.6倍,采暖季首要污染物为PM2.5,比例最高占66.3%.
石河子市工业区主要集中在城区北部,紧邻城区. 石河子市冬季以PM2.5为首要污染物的污染天频发,PM2.5中富集的重金属元素会损害人体器官,研究PM2.5中无机元素的变化特征和来源对于评价城市环境质量,制定环境治理对策具有重要意义[20-21]. 本研究在石河子市城区和工业区进行冬季PM2.5样品采集,分析2个功能区无机元素的浓度水平和变化特征,并通过富集因子法(EF)对冬季PM2.5污染来源进行解析[22-23].
2020年冬季石河子市城区和工业区PM2.5中无机元素污染特征及来源
Characteristics and sources of the inorganic elements of PM2.5 in Shihezi urban and industrial areas in winter, 2020
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摘要: 石河子市是位于新疆乌昌石区域中部的工业城市,2020年12月和2021年1月在石河子市城区和工业区共布设2个采样点,全天候采集细颗粒物(PM2.5)样品61 d,利用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)对24种元素含量进行分析,并通过富集因子法(EF)解析PM2.5中无机元素的污染特征及来源. 结果表明,冬季采样期间,石河子市重度及以上污染天数占整个采样期的53.2%,以PM2.5为首要污染物的污染天数占整个采样期的98.4%,采样期城区和工业区的PM2.5日均值分别为164.7 μg·m−3和113.6 μg·m−3,表明石河子市冬季PM2.5污染严重;采样期城区和工业区PM2.5中无机元素浓度分别为4.4 μg·m−3和3.6 μg·m−3,主要成分均为K、Ca、Na、Mg、Al、Fe,6种元素之和在城区和工业区元素中的占比分别为97.4%和97.5%,表明这6种元素为城区和工业区元素的主要组分,城区和工业区主要元素组成差异性较小,污染天K和Ca元素的累积速度最快,Na和Ca元素的累积量最大;石河子市2020年冬季PM2.5中主要富集元素为K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe,富集元素主要来源于工业区、机动车、地壳物质以及餐饮油烟等,城区元素富集程度和污染程度略高于工业区.Abstract: Shihezi is an industrial city located in the middle of Wu-Chang-Shi region in Xinjiang. 2 sampling sites were set up in Shihezi urban and industrial areas in December 2020 and January 2021, The fine particles (PM2.5) were collected for 61 days in total. 24 kinds of elements were analyzed by ICP-MS, and the characteristics and sources of the inorganic elements of PM2.5 were investigated by using enrichment factor method (EF). The results showed that: During the sampling period in winter, the number of the severe pollution days accounted for 53.2% of the whole sampling days, and the pollution days with PM2.5 as the primary pollutant accounted for 98.4% of the whole sampling period. The daily mean values of PM2.5 in urban and industrial areas were 164.7 μg·m−3 and 113.6 μg·m−3, respectively, demonstrating the heavy air pollution in winter in Shihezi city; The concentrations of the inorganic elements of PM2.5 in urban and industrial areas were 4.4 μg·m−3 and 3.6 μg·m−3, respectively, in the sampling period. The main components of the inorganic elements of PM2.5 in urban and industrial areas were K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al and Fe. These 6 kinds of elements were the primary components of the inorganic elements, and accounted for 97.4% and 97.5% of the whole elements amount in total in urban and industrial areas. The composition structure showed little difference for the inorganic elements of PM2.5 between the urban and industrial areas; The main enriched elements in PM2.5 of Shihezi city in winter were K, Ca, Na, Mg and Fe, and mainly come from industries, motor vehicles, crustal substances and cooking fume, etc. The enrichment and pollution degree of elements in urban areas were slightly higher than those in industrial areas.
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表 1 采样点信息
Table 1. Sample sites information
采样点
Sample sites环境监测站
Environmental monitoring station大全
Daquan经度 86.0576 E 86.0957 E 纬度 44.3133 N 44.4220 N 高度/m 14.0 13.0 功能区 城区 工业区 有效样品/个 60 61 与国控站距离 阳光学校西1.6 km 阳光学校北12.0 km 表 2 采样期污染天数
Table 2. The number of pollution days in sampling period
优
Excellent良
Good轻度
Light中度
Medium重度
Heavy严重
Severe污染天数/d 0 9 8 12 24 9 PM2.5为首要污染物天数/d 0 8 8 12 24 9 表 3 采样点元素浓度
Table 3. Elements concentration of 2 sample sites
元素
Elements城区/(ng·mc3)
Urban工业区/(ng·m−3)
Industrial比值
Ratio广州市[30]/ (ng·m−3)
Guangzhou天津市[31]/ (ng·m−3)
Tianjin南昌市[32]/ (ng·m−3)
NanchangBe 0.2 0.3 0.6 — — — Na 1779.0 1342.0 1.3 1210.0 1925.0 — Mg 201.7 168.4 1.2 390.0 1188.0 537.0 Al 448.4 416.7 1.1 1190.0 1377.0 740.0 K 520.1 436.2 1.2 2480.0 4081.0 734.0 Ca 838.4 840.9 1.0 1390.0 5278.0 1207.0 V 1.9 4.9 0.4 — 4.9 9.0 Cr 4.3 5.6 0.8 13.5 176.7 20.0 Mn 13.9 7.6 1.8 83.4 190.9 43.0 Fe 453.9 263.4 1.7 1220.0 4357.0 571.0 Co 0.3 0.4 0.8 — 1.2 4.0 Ni 1.3 1.8 0.7 8.6 87.9 150 Cu 10.0 4.3 2.4 112.0 239.1 19.0 Zn 39.3 32.9 1.2 670.0 945.1 279.0 As 5.5 4.3 1.3 35.1 43.4 10.0 Se 0.3 0.3 1.1 — — — Mo 0.4 0.6 0.7 — — — Ag 0.1 0.1 0.4 — — — Cd 0.5 0.5 1.0 6.1 10.2 5.0 Ba 6.1 4.7 1.3 — 51.2 325.0 Tl 0.2 0.3 0.7 — — — Pb 27.2 19.9 1.4 190.0 541.1 106.0 Th 0.1 0.2 0.3 — — — U 0.1 0.3 0.3 — — — 总和 4353.0 3557.0 24.5 8999.0 20498.0 4759.0 备注:“—”表示未检测出. 表 4 石河子市PM2.5中24种元素EF值
Table 4. Enrichment factors of 24 elements in PM2.5 of Shihezi city
序号
Serial number元素
ElementsPM2.5富集因子
Enrichment factors of PM2.5A层土元素
Element of layer A soil郴州市[38]EF值
Enrichment
factors of
Chenzhou City温州市[39]EF值
Enrichment
factors of
Wenzhou City城区
Urban工业区
Industrial质量分数(×106)/(g·g−1)
Mass percentage1 Be 1.1 2.1 187.7 — — 2 Na 14765.3 11986.5 151.0 — 22.2 3 Mg 2840.9 2551.4 89.0 — 3.0 4 Al 1.0 1.0 562.0 0.02 — 5 K 3325.4 3001.5 196.0 — 11.6 6 Ca 3704.0 3998.0 283.7 — 20.1 7 V 0.3 0.9 7293.3 45.7 0.4 8 Cr 1.0 1.4 5510.0 106.8 112.5 9 Mn 0.3 0.2 63266.7 14.0 7.7 10 Fe 2078.6 1297.9 273.7 0.6 3.7 11 Co 0.3 0.4 1250.0 — 5.0 12 Ni 0.6 1.0 2496.7 66.8 38.7 13 Cu 5.9 2.7 2136.7 370.0 227.5 14 Zn 7.3 6.6 6753.3 155.8 509.7 15 As 7.6 6.4 910.0 521.1 301.0 16 Se 17.5 16.8 20.0 — — 17 Mo 2.4 3.8 206.7 — — 18 Ag 5.5 15.6 11.7 1599.2 — 19 Cd 61.5 64.7 9.5 10880.9 1691.0 20 Ba 0.2 0.1 50133.3 3.3 — 21 Tl 5.4 8.0 54.7 — — 22 Pb 15.9 12.6 2136.7 262.4 176.8 23 Th 0.1 0.3 1030.7 — — 24 U 0.3 1.3 261.7 — — 备注:“—”表示未检测出. -
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